Extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and pAmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae among the general population in a livestock-dense area

Abstract

Objectives

In the Netherlands there is an ongoing debate regarding environmental health risks of livestock farming for neighbouring residents. This explorative study aims to determine the prevalence of carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and/or plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL/pAmpC-E) in the general population living in a livestock-dense area, and to study associations between determinants, including exposure through contact with animals and the environment, and human carriage of ESBL/pAmpC-E.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed among 2432 adults (aged 20–72 years) in 12 temporary research centres in the south of the Netherlands, consisting of a questionnaire and analysis of a faecal sample to assess carriage of ESBL/pAmpC-E. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence for carriage of ESBL/pAmpC-E was 4.5% (109/2432; 95% CI 3.7–5.4) ranging from 1.4% to 10.9% among the research centres. ESBL/pAmpC resistance genes were detected in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates obtained from these 109 persons and the most common ESBL-resistance genes were bla_CTX-M-15, bla_CTX-M-14/17 and bla_CTX-M-1, originating from 76 participants. Travel in the previous 12 months to Africa, Asia or Latin America (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.71–4.63), having kept cows for a hobby in the previous 5 years (OR 3.77; 95% CI 1.22–11.64), usage of proton-pump inhibitors (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.05–3.23), and living within 1000 m of a mink farm (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.28–3.98) were identified as risk factors. Exposure to poultry was not identified as a risk factor.

Conclusions

Overall, living in close proximity to livestock animals and farms does not seem to be a risk factor for carriage of ESBL/pAmpC-E.