Growth and characterization of pure and picric acid doped ADP single crystals
Introduction
The ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an excellent piezo-electric crystal utilized for variety of nonlinear optical applications [1]. It has retains good transparency in a wide region of optical spectrum, resistance to damage by laser radiation and relatively high nonlinear optical efficiency. It is used as the second, third [2] and fourth [3] harmonic generator for Nd: YAG and Nd: YLF lasers. It is used for electro-optical applications such as Q-switches for Nd: YAG and Nd: YLF, Ti: Sapphire and Alexandrite lasers as well as for optical modulator [4], [5]. It is used in short-wavelength laser technology, nonlinear and integrated optics as a bulk electro-optical devices, as a frequency converters of coherent radiation of high-power pico-second lasers, as an optical parametric oscillators for the infrared spectral region, and as an integral optical waveguides [6]. The Picric acid is able to transfer a charge by virtue of proton transfer [7]. Since the conduction mechanism in ADP is due to migration of proton from one localized site to another, it is interesting to study the influence of the Picric acid on the structural, electrical and nonlinear optical properties of ADP crystal.
The novelty of present communication is that in a single paper authors have included complete electrical properties of pure and Picric acid doped ADP crystals. Moreover, the temperature sensitive conductivity mechanisms such as the Correlation Barrier Hopping and the Non-Overlapping Small Polaron Tunnelling are reported first time. The existence of pseudo pair of electron and hole such as self trapped excitons and polarons in such kind of crystal system is reported in present paper.
Further, the ability of Picric acid to enhance the nonlinear optical performance of host crystals is extensively reflected in third order nonlinear optical study of the crystals undertaken in present communication.
The pure and different weight percentage of Picric acid doped ADP crystals are grown using the slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The 300 ml double distilled water is taken in glass beaker and then appropriate amount of pure ADP powder is dissolved in it. The beaker is then stirred using the magnetic stirrer for 4 h then the solution is filtered using the Whatmann filter paper 1. The pure ADP solution then sub divided into three glass beakers each of them contains 100 ml solution. One glass beaker is kept as such for the growth of pure ADP and then 0.4 g and 0.6 g picric acid is added into other glass beakers. The picric acid contained pure ADP solution then further stirred using the magnetic stirrer for another 4 h to prepare homogeneous solution. After span of 8 h the solutions are filtered using the Whatmann filter paper no. 1. All the glass beakers then shield with porous lid and then put them in dust free atmosphere for the growth of crystals. After 30 days good quality, yellow coloured crystals are harvested from the Picric acid contained beakers while the transparent crystals are obtained from the pure ADP beaker. The pure and 0.6 wt.% Picric acid doped ADP crystals are displayed in Fig. 1. For sake of simplicity, throughout the paper here we coded the grown crystals as pure ADP, 0.4PIC and 0.6PIC for pure ADP, 0.4wt.% and 0.6wt.% Picric acid doped ADP crystal.
The Powder XRD is carried on PHILIPS X'PERT MPD system and the data is analysed by using powder-X software. The photoluminescence emission and absorption spectra are recorded at room temperature using Shimadzu RF-5301 PC spectro fluoro photometer and the Xenon is used as excitation source. The complex Impedance spectroscopy is done for pelletized sample using HIOKI 3532 LCR HITERSTER metre in the frequency range of 100 Hz–10 MHz and in the temperature range of 323–373 K. The Z-scan study of polished and transparent single crystals is done using CW He-Ne laser of wavelength 632 nm.
Section snippets
Results and discussion
- 1
Powder XRD Study:
The Fig. 2 shows the powder XRD spectra of pure and 0.4wt.%, 0.6wt.% Picric acid doped ADP crystals. The figure is composed of various characteristic diffraction peaks of pure ADP and exhibited single phasic nature of all the grown crystals. The pure and picric acid doped ADP crystals are belong to tetragonal structure symmetry with slight variation in diffraction peak intensity and the unit cell parameters. The unit cell parameters of all the grown crystals are tabulated in
Complex impedance spectroscopy
Complex impedance is represented as Z* = Z' - j Z'', where Z' and Z'' are real and imaginary parts of impedance, respectively, which can be expressed as [26]:
Where ω = Angular Frequency, Rg = Grain Resistance, Rgb = Grain Boundary Resistance, Cg = Grain Capacitance and Cgb = Grain Boundary Capacitance.
The Figs. 16 (a–c) shows the variation between Z'' versus Z' (Nyquist plot) for grown crystals between the temperature range of
Complex modulus spectroscopy
The complex modulus spectroscopy is an important technique to study the electrical transport phenomena like carrier/ion hopping rate and conductivity relaxation time of materials [27]. The electrical phenomena related to smallest capacitance of material can be studied by it.
The Electric modulus in terms of complex function written as follows,
The real and imaginary parts of the complex modulus are expressed as follows,
Where, ε' and ε'' are real and imaginary
Z-scan
To determine the magnitude and sign of third order nonlinear optical parameters for our grown crystals such as nonlinear optical absorption coefficient, nonlinear optical refractive index and nonlinear optical third order susceptibility using the Z-scan experiment. The difference between the peak and valley transmission (ΔTp-v) is written in terms of the on axis phase shift at the focus as [29],
Where, On axis phase shift
The aperture linear transmittance (S) is
Conclusion
The pure and Picric acid doped ADP crystals are successfully grown using the slow solvent evaporation technique. The Powder XRD study revelled the tetragonal structure and the single phasic nature of all the grown crystals. The Photoluminescence study suggested increase of Stoke shift, existence of the self trapped excitons and the vibration relaxation phenomena in ADP crystal due to doping of the Picric acid. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss have shows their usual behaviour for
Declaration of Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The author (JHJ) is highly thankful to Mr. S.G.Khadelwal, Deputy Director, Forensic Science Laboratory, Ahmedabad for allow him to carry out such research activity. The authors are thankful to UGC, New Delhi, for funding under DRS-SAP and DST, New Delhi, for FIST.
References (41)
- et al.
Growth and spectroscopy studied of adp single crystals with l-glutamine and l-cysteine amino acids
Vibra.Tech.
(2013) - et al.
Growth and spectroscopy studied of adp single crystals with l-proline and l-arginine amino acids
Mater.Chem.Phys.
(2011) Prog. Sol. Sta. Chem.
(1993)- et al.
Phys. B.
(2003) - et al.
Phys. B.
(2011) - et al.
Sol. Stat. Comm.
(2003) - et al.
J. Cryst. Grow.
(2011) - et al.
J. Mole. Stru.
(2016) - et al.
Photonics and optoelecronics using nano-structured hybrid perovskites media and their optical cavities
Phy. Reports.
(2019) Nonlinear Optical Crystals: A Complete Survey
(2005)
Growth and highly efficient third-harmonic generation of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals
RSC Adv.
Non-critical phase-matching fourth harmonic generation of a 1053-nm laser in an ADP crystal
Sci.Report.
Broadband Optical Modulator: Science, Technology and Applications
Industrial Applications of Lasers
KDP-Family Single Crystals
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn
Coordination Chemistry
New J. Chem.
Sol. Stat. Commu
Bull. Mater. Sci.
Cited by (21)
Influence of glycine and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate on their growth and characterization of L-Alanine single crystal for nonlinear optical applications
2022, Optical MaterialsCitation Excerpt :These indicate that the ADP is bonded to the l-alanine structure at zwitterions sites and maximize the interaction at this mole concentration of ADP (also aggregation of ADP). These spectra are similar to the reported literature of l-alanine doped ADP crystal [.51,67] The present work the force constants for C–N and C–O bond were calculated for ADP doped GLA crystals by using the reported literature [68]. From Table 5 it shows that the force constant modifies by ADP interact with the hydrogen bond of l-alanine.
Excitonic effects in the linear and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO@WS<inf>2</inf> heterojunction films under photoexcitation
2022, OptikCitation Excerpt :At present, finding new nonlinear optical materials become the key factor in the fields of the optical switching, optical filtering, optical signal process, medicines, and so on [1–5].
Analysis of indentation size effect behaviour in nonlinear optical LT-TTZS single crystal
2022, Materials Today: ProceedingsCitation Excerpt :As a corollary, a novel approach based on acid-base correlations has been evolved to strengthen first order hyperpolarizabilities [2] by integrating L-threonine in tris thiourea zinc sulphate crystal. A brief mechanical analysis of L-Threonine doped Tris Thiourea Zinc Sulphate crystal (LT-TTZS) has been made due to the growing interest shown by the researchers in the field of nonlinear optical crystalline solid material [3]. The higher order nonlinear susceptibility with good mechanical strength exhibited by new semi-organic materials is aimed for crystallization due to their usage in frequency mixing, optical data storage, telecommunication, and optical communication applications [4–6].
The effects of N<inf>2</inf> atmosphere annealing on the physical properties of BiFe<inf>0.5</inf>Mn<inf>0.5</inf>O<inf>3</inf> ceramic
2021, Journal of Alloys and CompoundsCitation Excerpt :It can be seen that there is only one change of slope, indicating the presence of grain only. In addition, the broadening of the curves confirm the non-Debye relaxation process[32]. The results of the experimental fit of Nyquist plots (grain resistance and capacitance) are summarized in Table 3.