Review
New Dimensions in Palliative Care Cardiology

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Abstract

The landscape of patient care at the beginning of the 19th century was dramatically different than it is today. With few good treatment options, illness courses were generally brief. Near the end of life, patients were attended to by spiritual advisors, not health care professionals. Death typically occurred at home, surrounded by friends and family. Moving to the present time, decades of medical advances have significantly improved life expectancy. Cardiology has particularly benefited from many of these advances. Cardiac patients are initiated on optimal medication regimens. As disease burdens progress, interventions such as implantable defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization pacing systems become options for many patients. With further clinical deterioration, select patients might be candidates for ventricular assist devices and heart transplants. These advances have unquestionably improved the prognosis with advanced cardiovascular illnesses. However, they have also changed patient and family attitudes about death and dying, to the point where we have effectively “medicalized our mortality.” The importance of introducing palliative care to the cardiac patient population is now well recognized, with the major cardiovascular societies incorporating palliative care principles into their guideline and consensus statement documents. However, despite this recognition, few cardiac patients get access to palliative care and other resources such as hospice. In this article the existing literature on this topic is reviewed and opportunities for developing and fostering a more collaborative relationship between the disciplines of cardiology and palliative care are discussed.

Résumé

Le paysage des soins prodigués aux patients au début du XIXe siècle différait radicalement de ce qu’il est aujourd’hui. Faute de traitements efficaces, le cours de la maladie était généralement bref. En fin de vie, ce sont des conseillers spirituels plutôt que des professionnels de la santé que l’on retrouvait au chevet du patient. Le plus souvent, le patient décédait chez lui, entouré de ses amis et de sa famille. En revanche, aujourd’hui, les progrès de la médecine au cours des décennies ont permis une amélioration marquée de l’espérance de vie. La cardiologie a particulièrement bénéficié de bon nombre de ces avancées. Les patients atteints d’une cardiopathie se voient d’abord prescrire un schéma pharmacologique optimal. Lorsque la maladie progresse, des interventions comme les défibrillateurs implantables et les systèmes de resynchronisation cardiaque deviennent des options envisageables chez de nombreux patients. Lorsque la détérioration clinique se poursuit, certains patients peuvent être candidats à la pose d’un dispositif d’assistance ventriculaire ou à une transplantation cardiaque. Ces progrès ont sans conteste amélioré le pronostic des maladies cardiovasculaires à un stade avancé. Toutefois, ils ont également eu pour effet de transformer l’attitude du patient et de sa famille face à la mort, au point où nous avons bel et bien « médicalisé notre mortalité ». L’importance d’offrir des soins palliatifs à la population des patients cardiaques est à présent bien reconnue et les sociétés médicales s’intéressant aux maladies cardiovasculaires ont maintenant intégré les principes en la matière à leurs lignes directrices et à leurs déclarations de consensus. Toutefois, malgré cette reconnaissance, rares sont les patients cardiaques qui ont accès à des soins palliatifs et à d’autres ressources comme les maisons de fin de vie. Dans cet article, nous recensons la littérature sur cette question et analysons les possibilités de tisser et de promouvoir des liens de collaboration plus étroits entre les disciplines de la cardiologie et des soins palliatifs.

Section snippets

History of Cardiac Palliative Care

Palliative care has long been integrated with cancer patients, with studies showing improved quality of life, better symptom control, and perhaps prolonged life expectancy in select cancer populations.11, 12 In the modern literature, we see that surgeons were the first clinicians to publish their palliation interventions in cardiac patients in the 1960s, with these efforts focused on pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.13 Around the same time, the symptom burdens of adult patients

The Need for Palliative Care

HF is a progressively symptomatic disease associated with general clinical decline. HF patients experience a host of symptoms in addition to dyspnea, including pain, fatigue, nausea, poor appetite, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and an overall decreased sense of well-being.18 Cardiologists are very well versed in assessing dyspnea and use measurement instruments such as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class to convey clinical status. Although patients with a higher NYHA class have a poorer

Barriers to the Integration of Cardiac and Palliative Care

Despite the increased recognition of cardiac palliative care, the magnitude of the unmet palliative care need in the cardiovascular patient population is significant. According to the World Health Organization and the Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance, there are > 7 million people with cardiovascular disease worldwide who would benefit from palliative care.24 Western countries have the great fortune of having access to palliative care teams to help integrate this care. Despite this access,

Supportive Data

Most evidence in support of palliative care comes from the cancer literature. Supportive data for cardiac patients is significantly lacking in comparison. Indeed, palliative articles with a cancer focus outnumber palliative cardiology articles by a factor of 10-fold (Fig. 3). Many of the cardiac palliative articles that have been published are position statements. However, several small randomized control trials have also been carried out, on inpatient as well as outpatient interventions, and

Integrating Cardiac and Palliative Care

Many models for integrating cardiac and palliative care have been described in the literature. The models most in favour at the present time feature a gradual transition from curative/therapeutic treatment to supportive/palliative care (Fig. 4).

Although at first glance it is tempting to have palliative specialists take on all palliative aspects of care, the number of palliative specialists is quite limited, and they cannot provide this volume of care. A paradigm of primary and specialist

The Use of Intravenous Medications in the Palliative Patient Population

Intravenous inotropic medications have been used for the treatment of acutely decompensated HF for more than 4 decades. Although inotropic agents have not been shown to result in any significant survival benefit in patients with advanced HF, continuous infusions of medications such as milrinone or dobutamine have been shown to improve symptoms as well as decrease hospitalization.54 Although several cardiovascular societies advocate for continuous inotrope therapy as a palliative measure, only

Special Patient Populations

Cardiology patients have access to a host of device therapies. Indications for implantation of these devices are well documented in practice guidelines. As clinical status deteriorates, patient goals might change. Correspondingly, some of the device therapies might no longer be in alignment with these changed goals. ICDs and VADs in particular warrant further discussion in this regard.

Conclusion and Future Directions

Palliative care has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for cardiac patients. At the present time, few cardiac patients get access to palliative care. For the small subset of patients who do get access, this typically occurs quite late in the disease trajectory, limiting the benefit that these patients receive.5 Goal-directed cardiac disease management and symptom-focused management need to be regarded as complementary as opposed to conflicting care options.

Several

Disclosures

The author has received speaker fees from Novartis.

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