Analysis of the essential oil composition of eight Anthemis species from Greece☆
Introduction
The genus Anthemis (Anthemideae-Asteraceae) is widely distributed over Europe, W., SW and central Asia, as well as in N. Africa and comprises about 150 species. About 35 species are distributed at Greece, from which 14 are endemic [1], [2]. Although the Anthemideae is one of the chemically best investigated tribes of Asteraceae, according to literature, only the essential oils of A. nobilis L. [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], A. ruthenica M.B. [14], A. carpatica Willd. [15], A. montana L. ssp. carpatica [16], A. cretica L. ssp. leucanthemoides (Boiss.) Grierson [17], A. melampodina auct. Non Delili [18], A. xylopoda O. Schwarz. [19] and A. tinctoria L. [20], [21] have been studied, so far.
The present study aims at investigating the volatile compounds of previously unknown eight different taxa: Anthemis chia L., A. tomentosa L., A. auriculata Boiss. and A. werneri L. ssp. werneri Stoj. and Acht. belonging to the sect. Anthemis; A. altissima L., A. melanolepis Boiss. and A. tinctoria L. var. parnassica belonging to the sect. Cota, as well as A. cotula L. belonging to the sect. Maruta. Since antiquity [22] up to date some of them are used as herbal medicines, insecticides, and dyes [23]. Essential oil from A. nobilis flowers is commonly used for pharmaceuticals, food additives, as well as an important source in aromatic and cosmetic industries [4], [12], [13], [24], [25], [26]. Some Anthemis sp. essential oils possess anti-aging activity [27], while A. cotula essential oil has been proved to possess antioxidant properties [28]. Therefore, it seemed interesting to investigate their antimicrobial potential. The results were compared with the biology and taxonomy of the taxa, to gather information on possible chemotaxonomic significance.
Section snippets
Plant material
All investigated taxa were collected from natural populations. Details of the collection localities, dates and essential oil yield are presented in Table 1, while the collection localities are shown in Fig. 1. Voucher specimens of each population were determined by Dr. Th. Constantinidis and deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, University of Patras (UPA) and in the Herbarium of the Agricultural University of Athens (ACA), as well as by Dr. Z. Kypriotakis and deposited in the
Results and discussion
All the investigated Anthemis taxa contained essential oils that range from 0.01 to 0.13% based on dry weight (Table 2). The highest oil contents were found in A. chia [chi2] (0.13%) and. A. tinctoria (0.10%). In the other 12 taxa, the oil content ranged between 0.01 and 0.08%.
The optical rotation of the oils were: chi1: (CH2Cl2; c0.900), chi2: (CH2Cl2; c3.210), chi3: (CH2Cl2; c0.401), chi4: (CH2Cl2; c0.254), aur1: (CH2Cl2; c0.198),
Conclusion
This study has demonstrated an overview analysis of the volatile composition of eight Anthemis species growing in Greece, performed by GC and GC–MS. It is the first time that fourteen essential oil samples of the Anthemis species mentioned above, growing in different locations in Greece, were analysed and compared regarding their qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr. T. Constantinidis (Institute of Systematic Botany, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens) for the collection and the identification of most taxa.
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Part of this paper has been presented as a poster at the 53rd annual congress of the Society of Medicinal Plant Research (GA), Florence, Italy, 21–25 August 2005.