Exposure to ambient air pollution and osteoarthritis; an animal study
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Ambient air pollution including gaseous (e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), etc.) and particulate matter (PM) pollutants with different size fractions (i.e., PM2.5 and PM10) have been suggested as a major problem in urban areas (Nikoonahad et al., 2017; Ghaffari et al., 2017). Transportation, industrial activities and household biomass burning are the main sources of air pollution in urban areas (Gholizadeh et al., 2019; Mohammadi et al., 2020; Abdolahnejad et al., 2018; Campbell- Lendrum and Pr ü ss-Ust ü n, 2019). The available evidence reported that indoor and outdoor exposure to air pollution was associated with different adverse health outcomes, including excess mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type 2, neuropsychological problems, adverse birth outcomes, risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures and rheumatoid arthritis (Mohammadi et al., 2019; Franklin et al., 2015; Burki, 2021; Kim et al., 2018; Nguyen, 2018; Shin et al., 2019a). On the other hand, physical activities (e.g., running and walking daily) are suggested as non-pharmacological methods to improve the quality of life and human health (Vina et al., 2012; Yang, 2019). However, it can lead to higher exposure to air pollution, especially in urban areas with air quality exceeding the world health organization (WHO) guideline (Tainio et al., 2021). According to the last report of WHO in 2019, more than 90% of the global population lived in areas with air quality poorer than WHO guidelines in 2005, and with decrease in the WHO guideline values in 2021, this percentage increased (Burki, 2021). Therefore, increased outdoor physical activities in these areas may increase adverse health effects (e.g., Osteoarthritis (OA)) related to exposure to high levels of air pollution (Kulkarni et al., 2020).
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease that occurs due to synovium, cartilage, and subchondral bone damage (Li et al., 2013; Loeser et al., 2012). Symptoms of OA appear from the middle age period, and it has been reported that the prevalence of OA was related to several factors, e.g., age, obesity, gender, occupation, and physical and sports activities (Heidari, 2011; Palazzo et al., 2016; Plotnikoff et al., 2015). Moreover, cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-1b in the membrane and synovial fluid, cartilage of the patients, and subchondral bone, are suggested as biomarkers of OA (Wang and He, 2018; Stannus et al., 2010; Shetty et al., 2021).
An emerging body of evidence has reported that outdoor physical activities in polluted areas significantly increase air pollution intake (Tainio et al., 2021). Nevertheless, the influence of exposure to air pollution on OA in the knee joint is unclear yet. The experimental animal model studies based on mice, rats, and other rodents have been used to study the underlying mechanism of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases related to air pollutants due to various benefits, e.g., low cost, high quality, and availability (Shang and Sun, 2018; Poojary et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2021; Sengodan and Appusamy, 2020; Margiana et al., 2018). However, the available evidence on the effect of exposure to air pollution on OA is very scarce (Peng et al., 2019). A previous animal model study assessed only the influence of single high dose PM exposure on knee joint OA development or severity (Peng et al., 2019). However, in the present study, for the first time, we aimed to assess the effect of exposure to gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, and CO) as well as PM (PM2.5 and PM10) separately and together on OA that can cover the synergistic effects of exposure to a mixture of air pollutants based on an animal model study.
Section snippets
Animals
We used Wistar rat female rats aged 10 weeks old and weighing 400 to 500 gr. The rats were housed in a room with controlled temperature (20–25 C), humidity (40–60%) and a 12 h light/dark cycle. The rats were held for 48 h before experiments under specific pathogen-free access to enough food and water ad libitum. Our animal model study was approved by the ethic committee of Universitas Nahdlatul Wathan Mataram.
Study design and exposure assessment
The animal pilots were located in Universitas Nahdlatul Wathan Mataram. The female
Ambient air pollution concentrations
The median (interquartile range (IQR)) of PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2 and O3 in the inlet ambient air for EPG group were 36.9 (16.9), 51.7 (23.6) μg/m3, 16.1 (12.5) ppm, 413.7 (177.1), 334.2 (218.8) and 208.9 (113.1) ppb, respectively (Fig. 1). The concentration of these pollutants in EG and EP groups was similar to the EPG. The medina (IQR) of PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2 and O3 in concentrations for control group were 3.5 (1.2), 8.4 (2.4) μg/m3, 1.7 (0.5) ppm, 25.7 (15.6), 14.9 (12.4), 17.7 (11.2)
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first animal study that investigated the effect of exposure to the mixture of ambient gaseous and PM pollutants on OA. We found that exposure to PM and a mix of PM-gaseous pollutants significantly increased COMP and NTX-I and decreased osteocalcin in rats, which was stronger for the PM-gaseous exposure group. Moreover, exposure to ambient air pollution significantly increased cytokines in blood plasma compared control group. The highest mean difference
Conclusion
Our animal studies showed a causal link between exposure to air pollution during physical activity and OA in rats. Exposure to PM and a mixture of PM and gaseous pollutants increased plasma levels of COMP and NTX-I and decreased osteocalcin compared to control. The cytokines were increased significantly in all exposure groups compared to the control. A synergistic effect was observed for the EPG group compared EP and EG group. Our study indicated that OA-related exposure to air pollution might
Credit author statement
Abyadul Fitriyah: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft preparation. Denis Andreevich Nikolenko: Data curation, Writing – original draft preparation. Walid Kamal Abdelbasset: Visualization, Investigation. Marwah Suliman Maashi: Visualization, Investigation., Abduladheem Turki Jalil: Visualization, Investigation., Ghulam Yasin: Visualization, Investigation., Mohammed Mustafa Abdulkadhm: Visualization, Investigation., G.U. Samieva: Visualization, Investigation. Holya
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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