The Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants and prediction of phosphorus bioavailability as affected by different phosphorus sources in two Kansas soils
Introduction
Phosphorus (P) adsorption to the soil surfaces is an important reaction that controls P bioavailability. Silicate clays; aluminum, iron, and manganese oxides; and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are involved in surface P adsorption (Singh and Gilkes, 1991, Nair et al., 1999, Samadi and Gilkes, 1999). Other soil factors such as pH, soil organic matter content (SOM), moisture, temperature and contact time between P and soil constituents also play a significant role in controlling surface adsorption reactions (Sharpley and Ahuja, 1982, Barrow, 1984, Hue, 1991). The most commonly used mathematical models which fit adsorption data are the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The parameters of these equations do not have any mechanistic significance but still have practical utility in comparing P retention in different soils (Sposito, 2008). Another utility of the P adsorption isotherm is that it provides an estimate of the equilibrium P concentration (EPC0). This is the P concentration in soil solution with no net adsorption or desorption (Sharpley et al., 1994). Numerous studies have indicated that animal waste and biosolids application increases the EPC0, and decreases the affinity of soil constituents for P adsorption (binding intensities) resulting in soils having less ability to sorb additional added P and maintain higher soil solution P concentrations (Sui and Thompson, 2000, Jiao et al., 2007).
Numerous factors govern the crop P bioavailability in soils amended with animal manures and biosolids. The production of organic acids in soils during microbial decomposition of the carbon-rich soil amendments also interacts with adsorbing surfaces and may also act as chelating agents and thus increase the solubility of P in soil (Inskeep and Silvertooth, 1988, Bermudez et al., 1993). Pierzynski et al. (1990) found that poorly crystallized secondary P precipitates controlled P solubility in historically waste amended soils. Soil properties that influence P bioavailability include the amount and type of clay, pH, redox potential, initial soil test phosphorus (STP), SOM, microbial number and types, the presence of Al and Fe oxide surfaces under acidic conditions, and the amount of CaCO3 in alkaline soils (Sanyal and Datta, 1991, Stevenson and Cole, 1999, Zheng et al., 2003, Sposito, 2008).
The total P content of the animal manures depends upon the age of the animal, diet, digestive system, and waste processing methods (Barnett, 1994, Poulsen, 2000, Dou et al., 2002). Young animals might require more supplementary P in the form of feed additives to meet the demands for their rapid body growth and therefore would also secrete more P in their manures (Knowlton et al., 2004). Unlike ruminants, monogastric animals such as swine and turkey lack phosphatase and phytase enzymes necessary for the digestion of organic P (Po) in the forages and thus are dependent on supplementary inorganic P (Pi) additions in the form of salts in their diets and consequently would also excrete substantial amounts of P in their manures (Maguire et al., 2003). Waste handling and processing methods such as the addition of bedding materials, liming materials, composting, and chemical treatments such as the addition of oxides and hydroxides of aluminum and iron are common practice and might decrease waste volume and convert P to less soluble forms that would ultimately lead to reduced degradation of surface waters after land application (Hinedi et al., 1989, Maguire et al., 2001, Kalbasi and Karthikeyan, 2004, Hunger et al., 2004, Seiter et al., 2008).
Most animal P sources are currently disposed of on the assumption that P contained therein would behave similarly once added to soil. Therefore, a greenhouse study could offer an opportunity to study the influence of variations in the nature of P and other characteristics in animal manures on soil P adsorption and consequently its effects on corn P uptake. In this study we tested the following hypotheses: (A) The magnitude of P adsorption would be similar for all P sources in both soils both before and after crop P removal; (B) There would be no difference between P sources from ruminant and monogastric animals on corn biomass, leaf tissue P concentration, and P uptake; (C) The Freundlich adsorption coefficients would have similar predictability of various corn growth parameters in both soils.
Section snippets
The collection of soils and P sources
The six P sources consisted of two types of ruminants waste from cattle (Bos taurus) manures (CM1 and CM2), three types of monogastric wastes comprised of HM, TL, and biosolids (SS) collected from various parts of the Kansas. Triple super phosphate (TSP) was also included as inorganic P source for comparative purposes. Both cattle manures were collected from field stockpiles, fresh HM and TL was collected from nearby farms. The TL had substantial quantities of the bedding material mixed with
Phosphorus source effects on P adsorption before (T0) and after (T7) crop P removal
The P adsorption isotherm for selected P sources in the Ulysses soil is presented in Fig. 1a. The application of all P sources at the level of 150 mg P kg–1 significantly decreased the Freundlich K values when compared to the control treatment in the Ulysses soil (Table 2). The lowest K values were found for CM1, HM, and TSP, while TL produced the highest K value, which was significantly different from all treatments except that of CM2. After crop P removal (T7), the Freundlich K value
Conclusions
On the basis of evidence provided by our data, we reject our hypotheses of no difference between the P sources from the monogastric, ruminants and inorganic P fertilizer on corn biomass, tissue P concentration, and on P uptake during various harvests in the study. In fact large variations not only existed between the P sources but significant variations were also seen within the monogastric and ruminants P sources during various harvests, especially during the first few harvests. We also
Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan, and Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, USA. Special thanks to my daughter Husna for motivation and my son Ahsan for editing this paper.
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