A comparative study on the kinetics and mechanisms of removal of Reactive Black 5 by adsorption onto activated carbons and bone char

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.12.003

Chemical Engineering Journal

Volume 157, Issues 2–3, 1 March 2010, Pages 434-442

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.12.003 Get rights and content

Abstract

The adsorption of a large reactive dye, Reactive Black 5, onto four adsorbents has been studied. A commercial active carbon, F400, was selected as a standard and two active carbons prepared from bamboo, a biomaterial. The two bamboo derived carbons, BACX2 and BACX6 had high specific surface areas, namely, 2123 and 1400 m²/g, respectively. A fourth widely used adsorbent, bone char, was also tested. The adsorption capacities for F400, bone char, BACX2 and BACX6 were 198, 160, 286 and 473 mg/g, respectively. A series of batch kinetics were carried out to investigate the rate and possible mechanism of Reactive Black 5 adsorption. Two pseudo-kinetic models and one intraparticle diffusion model were tested. The experimental concentration versus time decay curves were best explained by the intraparticle diffusion model.

Introduction

The textile industry discharges well over 150 million cubic metres of coloured effluents annually. The total annual world production of dyes is over seven hundred and thousand tonnes of which approximately 2% dyes are discharged in effluents [1]. In addition to the detrimental aesthetic effects of dyes in wastewaters, some dyes are toxic and/or carcinogenic [2], [3]. Reactive acidic dyes are widely used due to the increasing use of cellulosic fibres [4]. Common methods for the treatment of textile effluents include adsorption, coagulation, advanced oxidation, flocculation and biological treatment. Adsorption is growing in popularity due to its potential for rapid treatment and the fact that it can produce a very high quality treated water. There is now a continuous search for adsorbents of different abilities for different treatment processes in an economic and sustainable manner [5].

Adsorption processes were always characterized by the adsorption kinetics and an adsorption isotherm. Both isotherm and kinetic data are important tools to understand the mechanisms of adsorption and are necessary for the design of adsorption treatment plant. In the present work, the adsorption of a large reactive acidic dye, namely, Reactive Black 5 onto four adsorbents—bone char, active carbon Filtrasorb F400 and two novel bamboo derived activated carbons, has been studied. The kinetic adsorption data on the dye removal on bamboo activated carbons and bone char is still limited although they have already shown good capacities for dye removal [6]. Commercial activated carbon F400 was selected in the present study as it has been extensively studied for dye and organic removal [7] and would be used as the model adsorbent for comparative purpose. The characteristics of the two bamboo derived activated carbons are reported. Equilibrium isotherm and batch kinetics studies of Reactive Black 5 adsorption on the four adsorbents have been studied and analyzed.

Section snippets

Equilibrium isotherm

The adsorption capacity of adsorbents is one of the most important criteria to assess the performance of the adsorbents. The most convenient and direct way to investigate the adsorption capacity for an adsorbent to an adsorbate is to conduct an equilibrium isotherm study. When the amount of solute being adsorbed onto the adsorbent is equal to the amount being desorbed, equilibrium is established and the equilibrium solution concentration remains unchanged. Plotting solid phase concentration

Materials

C.I. Reactive Black 5 (colour index), chemical formula equal to C₂₆H₂₁N₅Na₄O₁₉S₆, FW = 991.82 g/mol, and λ_max = 599 nm was obtained from International Laboratory (USA). One thousand milligram per litre stock solution was prepared by dissolving the required amount of dye in deionised water. The working solution was prepared by diluting the stock solution into the desired concentrations. The structure of the dye is produced by ChemDraw and shown in Fig. 1.

The bamboo activated carbons were produced by

Chemical and physical characterization of the adsorbents

The textural characteristics of the adsorbents calculated from the results of nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77 K are shown in Table 2 and the pore size distribution of the adsorbents is shown in Fig. 2. As can be seen from the results, the adsorbents are varied in their physical structure. Both bamboo activated carbons have a higher surface area than the other adsorbents. BACX2 (based on X_p = 2) gives the high surface area and micropore volume, whereas, BACX6 (based on X_p = 6) has the highest

Conclusions

Based on the kinetics and diffusion analyses performed in this paper, it appears that the uptake of dye on all four adsorbents is by diffusion control. The mechanisms vary in that the uptake of Reactive Black 5 on bone char (SA: 100 m²/g) shows only one rate controlling region on the root time plot, whereas the adsorption of Reactive Black 5 onto active carbon F400 and bamboo activated carbons, there are two and three linear controlling regions, respectively. There are three linear controlling

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A comparative study on the kinetics and mechanisms of removal of Reactive Black 5 by adsorption onto activated carbons and bone char

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Equilibrium isotherm

Materials

Chemical and physical characterization of the adsorbents

Conclusions

J. Colloid Interface Sci.

J. Colloid Interface Sci.

Process Biochem.

Water Res.

Chem. Eng. J.

Environ. Pollut.

Bioresour. Technol.

Carbon

Chem. Eng. J.

Chem. Eng. J.

Chem. Eng. J.

Chem. Eng. J.

Desalination

Water Res.

Carbon

Carbon

J. Membr. Sci.

Water Res.