ReviewMultiplet effects in X-ray spectroscopy
Section snippets
Basic aspects of multiplet effects
Multiplet effects play an important role in a large fraction of X-ray and electron spectroscopies. In all cases where a core hole other than a 1 s hole is present in the initial of final state, multiplet effects are important. They determine the spectral shapes and influence the L3 to L2 branching ratio.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has become an important tool for the characterization of materials as well as for fundamental studies of atoms, molecules, adsorbates, surfaces, liquids and
An overview of X-ray spectroscopies
In this section we use the solid NiO as an example to introduce the range of different X-ray spectroscopies. It should be noted that we limit ourselves to the ‘multiplet aspects’ of the various spectroscopies. A complete discussion of the spectroscopies is outside the scope of this review.
The ground state of NiO in the charge transfer multiplet model will be described as . We will use this ground state to describe a number of X-ray spectroscopies. In the ground state, the atomic
Examples for 3d coordination compounds
We end this review with a short overview of the various possibilities that are provided by the spectroscopic techniques discussed above, again with the focus on multiplet effects in the spectral shapes. We start with two examples that make use of the 1s XAS spectral shape, before turning to the soft X-ray 2p XAS spectra and the other spectroscopies.
Outlook
In this review I have given an overview of the use of multiplet effects in X-ray spectroscopy, with an emphasis on X-ray absorption experiments of coordination compounds. It can be expected that this field will further develop in the years to come. In particular multiplet theory is still in its infancy with regard to the complete description of the chemical bonding in coordination complexes and aspects such as π-bonding and back bonding should be better described. This also implies a more
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