Elsevier

Carbon

Volume 66, January 2014, Pages 530-538
Carbon

Highly flexible and stretchable carbon nanotube network electrodes prepared by simple brush painting for cost-effective flexible organic solar cells

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.035Get rights and content

Abstract

We developed highly flexible and transparent carbon nanotube (CNT) network electrodes prepared by a simple brush-painting method for the production of cost-effective flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs). By direct, rapid brush-painting of CNTs on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using a conventional paintbrush made of nylon fibrils, we achieved percolated CNT network electrodes with a low sheet resistance of 286 Ω/square, a high diffusive transmittance of 78.45%, and superior mechanical flexibility at room temperature. The electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of the brush-painted CNT electrodes were investigated as a function of the number of repeated brush-painting cycles. In particular, brush-painted CNT electrodes showed outstanding flexibility in several test modes, including outer bending, inner bending, twisting and stretching, which are critical requirements in flexible electrodes. Notably, the brush-painted CNT network electrodes had a constant resistance change (ΔR/R0) within outer and inner bending radii of 5 mm during dynamic fatigue testing. FOSCs fabricated on the brush-painted CNT electrode showed a power conversion efficiency of 1.632%, indicating the possibility of using brush-painted CNT electrodes as cost-effective flexible and transparent electrodes for printing-based low cost FOSCs.

Introduction

Flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs) are increasingly being developed as next generation photovoltaic devices, because of their light weight, low fabrication cost, simple printing-based processing, and superior flexibility [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. In a recent report on the performance of organic solar cells, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 10–12% was achieved, implying that mass production of low cost FOSCs will occur in the near future [6], [7]. To improve the performance and decrease the fabrication cost of FOSCs, development of cost-effective transparent electrodes with low sheet resistance, high transmittance, and superior flexibility is imperative because the series resistance, exciton formation efficiency, and mechanical durability of FOSCs are critically related to the electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of transparent electrodes [8]. Outstanding mechanical flexibility of the transparent electrode is very important for FOSCs to compete with conventional Si-based thin film photovoltaics. Although most FOSCs have been fabricated on high-cost Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) films grown by a vacuum-based sputtering process, there is a demand for cost-efficient and high performance transparent electrodes. To meet those requirements, various types of transparent electrodes, such as conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, Ag nanomesh, Ag nanowires, and oxide–metal–oxide multilayers are being extensively investigated. Considering the high cost of indium-based oxide material and vacuum-based processing of ITO films, development of cost effective indium-free and vacuum-free transparent electrodes is very important [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Among the several options to replace ITO films, a percolation network of CNTs has been suggested as a promising candidate for transparent electrodes in FOSCs. This is because CNT electrodes have an inherently low resistivity, a high specular transmittance, superior flexibility, and can be formed using a simple fabrication employing conducting CNT ink [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]. Axel et al. reported that a CNT network electrode prepared by a spray coating method had a sheet resistance of 400 Ω/square and an optical transmittance of 80%, which is worse than conventional ITO films [21]. Dan et al. reported that a CNT electrode prepared by the Meyer rod coating method had a sheet resistance of 100 Ω/square and a specular transmittance of 70%, which are better than the best values obtained from graphene electrodes [22]. Until recently, most CNT electrodes have been fabricated using solution-based coating techniques such as transfer printing, drop casting, air-spray coating, and Meyer rod coating [17], [22], [23], [24], [25]. However, most solution-based coating techniques have critical drawbacks. Transfer printing leads to irregular morphologies in CNT films. Drop-casting always results in coffee rings and discontinuous CNT films. CNT films fabricated by air-spray coating result in less dense and non-uniform networks of CNTs [25]. Therefore, the development of a lower cost and simpler CNT coating process is imperative. As another simple coating method, a brush painting technique was recently suggested for cost-efficient OSCs [26]. In our previous works, Ag nanowire and PEDOT:PSS showed enhanced low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance even though they were fabricated by simple brush painting at room temperature [27], [28]. However, there have been no reports on simple brush-painted CNT network electrodes or their application in cost-efficient FOSCs.

In this work, we report the characteristics of highly flexible and transparent CNT electrodes fabricated by simple brush-painting for use in cost-effective FOSCs. By directly brush-painting the CNT on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, a low sheet resistance, high diffusive transmittance, and superior flexibility were achieved, which are required for the fabrication of high performance FOSCs. The electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of brush-painted CNT electrodes as well as the performance of the FOSCs were investigated as a function of the number of brush-painting cycles.

Section snippets

Simple and fast brush painting of CNT network electrodes

CNT networks were coated onto a 188 μm thick PET substrate by simple brush-painting using CNT inks. Fig. 1 exhibits pictures of the brush-painting process of the CNTs on the PET substrate. The conducting CNT inks were purchased from Top Nanosis [29]. Prior to brush painting, the PET substrate was exposed to atmospheric plasma at a constant RF power of 100 W and an Ar/O2 flow rate of 5/20 sccm to improve adhesion of the CNT network and to remove contaminants on the PET substrate. After surface

Results and discussion

Fig. 2(a) shows the specular transmittance of the brush-painted CNT network electrodes as a function of the number of brushing cycles. All CNT electrodes showed a fairly high transparency. Compared to the 2- and 3-brushed CNT electrode, the 1-brush CNT electrode showed higher optical transmittances.

At a wavelength of 550 nm, the 1-brush CNT network electrode showed an optical transmittance of 81.13%. With increasing brush cycles, the brush-painted CNT electrodes showed decreased specular

Conclusions

We demonstrated that simple brush-painted CNT network electrodes can be used as flexible and transparent electrodes for cost-efficient FOSCs. The brush-painting led to a well-connected CNT–CNT junction due to the shear stress of the brushing process. The electrical and optical transmittances of the brush-painted CNT network electrodes were critically dependent on the number of brushing cycles because the CNT density was affected by the number of brush cycles. The brush-painted CNT electrode

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Core Materials Development Research Program by the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy. (Contact No. 10041161), Republic of Korea.

References (39)

  • M. Jørgensen et al.

    Stability of polymer solar cells

    Adv Mater

    (2012)
  • G. Yu et al.

    Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor–acceptor heterojunctions

    Science

    (1995)
  • W. Cai et al.

    Polymer solar cells: recent development and possible routes for improvement in the performance

    Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells

    (2009)
  • A. Shah et al.

    Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells

    Science

    (1999)
  • Dresden. Heliatek...
  • J. You et al.

    A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency

    Nat Commun

    (2013)
  • P. Würfel et al.

    Physics of Solar cells

    (2009)
  • Y. Wang et al.

    Interface engineering of layer-by-layer stacked graphene anodes for high-performance organic solar cells

    Adv Mater

    (2011)
  • D. Leem et al.

    Efficient organic solar cells with solution-processed silver nanowire electrodes

    Adv Mater

    (2011)
  • Cited by (0)

    View full text