10Nutrition in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer
Section snippets
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer can be divided in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)—mostly occurring in upper parts of the esophagus—which used to represent 90% of all cases, and adenocarcinoma-mostly located in the lower third of the esophagus—which used to represent 10% in the past. While the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased rapidly over the past 3 decades in many western countries,2, 3 in the US, the incidence of EAC rose six fold from 1975–2001, more than any other major
Gastric cancer
It is important to discern between adenocarcinoma of the proximal stomach (cardia, GCC) and adenocarcinoma arising in other parts of the stomach (body, GNCC). The prognosis of proximal cancers may be even worse than those of distal cancers.30 While the incidence of gastric noncardia cancer has sharply declined in the past decades, the incidence of gastric cardia cancer (GCC) has increased quite rapidly over the past three decades in many western countries, together with EAC.2 The commonly
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a relatively rare but highly fatal cancer, with 5-year survival rates of less than 5%. Regarding its etiology, still very few risk factors are known, also in the area of nutrition.
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is usually divided in colon and rectal cancer. The incidence of colon cancer has been increasing in developed countries including Japan, whereas rectal cancer has decreased in Europe56 and remained constant in Japan.57 The differing time trends provide evidence that the etiology of both cancer sites is not the same.
Besides colorectal cancer, colorectal adenoma are sometimes studied as a early endpoint or predictor of colorectal cancer, as adenoma are likely to be in the
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