Electroanalysis of isoniazid and rifampicin: Role of nanomaterial electrode modifiers

doi:10.1016/j.bios.2019.111731

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

Volume 146, 15 December 2019, 111731

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111731 Get rights and content

Highlights

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An overview of the clinical significance of precise quantifications of isoniazid and rifampicin is offered.
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Necessity of developing sensing approaches instead of non-sensing methodologies for the analysis is deliberated.
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Different electrode nano- and nanobio-modifiers for electroanalysis of the drugs are classified and critically reviewed.

Abstract

Thanks to operational simplicity, speediness, possibility of miniaturization and real-time nature, electrochemical sensing is a supreme alternative for non-electrochemical methodologies in drug quantification. This review, highlights different nanotech-based sensory designs for electroanalysis of isoniazid and rifampicin, the most important medicines for patients with tuberculosis. We first, concisely mention analyses with bare electrodes, associated impediments and inspected possible strategies and then critically review the last two decades works with focus on different nano-scaled electrode modifiers. We organized and described the materials engaged in several categories: Surfactants modifiers, polymeric modifiers, metallic nanomaterials, carbon based nano-modifiers (reduced graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ordered mesoporous carbon) and a large class of multifarious nano composites-based sensors and biosensors. The main drawbacks and superiorities associated with each array as well as the current trend in the areas is attempted to discuss. Summary of 79 employed electrochemical approaches for analysis of isoniazid and rifampicin has also been presented.

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB), one of the top ten causes of human death, afflict approximately 10 million people every year. Around 1.3 million HIV-negative individuals and 374,000 HIV-positive people died from TB in 2016. Based on global tuberculosis report 2017, Treatment regimen usually administered for patients with susceptible strains, include isoniazid (INZ), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZM) and ethambutol (ETB) for 2 months, followed by “continuation phase” (INZ + RIF for 4 months). The two first line anti-tuberculosis drugs, INZ and RIF, are usually the most prescribed drugs for TB patients as well on the WHO's list of essential medicines.

Hepatotoxicity associated with INZ and RIF, can even be more disastrous than viral hepatitis (Ramappa and Aithal, 2013). To avoid such lethal adverse effects, development of reliable, simple, rapid and selective analytical methods is highly crucial for accurate measurement of these two medications in biological fluids as well as in quality control process of pharmaceutical preparations (Thapliyal et al., 2015).

Because of its operational simplicity, rapidity and real-time detection possibility, electrochemical sensors could be worthy tools for this purpose. However, bare electrodes exhibited large over-potential and low sensitivity and selectivity (Lima et al., 2016). Modification of electrodes with nanomaterials, can greatly improve the electrochemical response (Jena and Raj, 2010, Asadpour-Zeynali and Mollarasouli, 2017). In this review, we first present a brief description of INZ and RIF and then deeply focus in nano-structured electrode modifiers that have been investigated in the last two decades.

Section snippets

General description of INZ and RIF

Isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide or pyridine-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide, abbreviated as IZ, INH or INZ), the most prescribed drug in tuberculosis, was first synthesized in 1912 (Rozwarski et al., 1998; Chouchane et al., 2000). INZ is a lipophilic molecule (pK_a = 1.8, 3.5 and 10.8 related to hydrazine nitrogen, pyridine nitrogen, and acidic group respectively) (Lund, 1994), therefore, at acidic pH, charged positively (Atta et al., 2011a, Atta et al., 2011b).

In liver, INZ is metabolized to

Applicability of sensors for INZ and RIF determination

Anti-tubercular medications associated hepatic damage can be more dangerous than that of acute viral hepatitis (Ramappa and Aithal, 2013). INZ is supposed to have more toxic effect on liver and co-administration of this drug with RIF increases the rate of hepatotoxicity (Chang et al., 2007). Due to their small therapeutic windows, the plasma levels of INZ and RIF must be tightly and repeatedly controlled by using a reliable tool to achieve a more effective treatment, avoid adverse reactions and

Electroanalysis of INZ and RIF

Several sensing procedures have been reported to date for analysis of INZ and RIF including mass-sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors (Bano et al., 2019; Munawar et al., 2019), chemiluminescence-based sensors (Song et al., 2001; Xiong et al., 2007), membrane-based optical sensors (Safavi et al., 2008), etc. Based on the literatures, however, the most popular devices are electrochemical sensors.

Conclusion

Compared with high cost sophisticated instruments, sensors are valuable detection tools in developing countries with high incidence of tuberculosis and low financial resources. In order to achieve an electrochemical sensor with maximum reusability, electrode modification should be avoided as far as possible (Karimi et al., 2010). Even though in some occasions, unmodified electrodes exhibited better performance (for example, FIA-amperometry of INZ with unmodified SPCE revealed wider LDR and much

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

We appreciate Dr. Javad Tashkhorian (Shiraz university) for his generous engagement in technical revision.

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