ReviewNew insights into the role and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 in the management of Alzheimer’s disease
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Graphical Abstract
Abbreviations
Aβ
β-amyloid protein
AD
Alzheimer's disease
ADAM
a disintegrin and metalloprotease
Ach
acetylcholine
AChE
acetylcholinesterase
AChEIs
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
APP
amyloid precursor protein
AMPA
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
AUC0−t
area under the drug-time curve
ApoE4
apolipoprotein E4
BACE
β-secretase b-site APP-cleaving enzyme
BBB
blood-brain barrier
BDNF
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
bECF
brain extracellular fluid
CAT
catalase
CcO
cytochrome C oxidase
CDK 5
cyclin-dependent kinase 5
ChAT
acetyltransferase
COX
cyclo-oxygen-ase
CREB
cAMP response element binding protein
Cyt C
cytochrome C
CPLX2
complexin-2
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CTFs
C-terminal fragments
Cmax
maximum concentration
DI
discrimination index
D-gal
D-galactose
ER
estrogen receptor
ELSD
evaporative light-scattering De tector
FGF2
fibroblast growth factor 2
GSK-3β
glycogen synthase kinase 3β
GSH
glutathione
GV-971
sodium oligomannate
GR
glucocorticoid receptor
GSH-Px
glutathione peroxidase
HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
HSCCC
high-speed counter-current chromatography
HSP70
heat shock protein 70
HIP
hippocampus
IL-1β
interleukin 1 β
IL-6
interleukin 6
IL-18
interleukin 18
IL-UAE-ABS
ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with an aqueous biphasic system
iNOS
inducible nitric oxide synthase
IFN-β
interferon-β
IDE
insulin-degrading enzyme
i.v
intravenous
JNK1/2
c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2
LC-MS/MS
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
LPC
lysophosphatidylcholine
L-PAE
L-phenylalanine ethylester
LPO
lipid peroxidation
MAPK/ERK
mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
MMP
mitochondrial membrane potential
MPFC
medial prefrontal cortex
MVM
Morse water maze
MAP-2
microtubule-associated protein 2
MDA
malondialdehyde
NEP
enkephalinase
NFT
neurofibrillary tangles
NMDA
N-methyl-D-aspartate
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
NSAIDs
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NF-κB
nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B
NFT-α
tumor necrosis factor α
NLRP1
NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 1
NCP
number of crossing platform sites
NOR
novel object recognition
NOX2
NADPH oxidase 2
NO
nitric oxide
OA
Okada acid
OVX
ovariectomy
OLR
object location recognition
PKA
protein kinase A
PI3K/AKT
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B
PKC
protein kinase C
PPARγ
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
PP2A
protein phosphatase 2 A
PPD
protopanaxadiol
PPT
protopanaxatriol
PS-1
presenilin-1
PFC
prefrontal cortex
ROS
reactive oxygen species
RNS
reactive nitrogen species
sAPPβ
β-secretase into soluble APPβ
sAPPα
α-secretase to produce soluble APPα
STP
platform quadrant swimming time
SAMP8
senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8
SCOP
scopolamine
SD
sleep deprivation
SYN
synaptophysin
SOD
superoxide dismutase
SNP25
synaptosome-associated protein 25
TCM
Traditional Chinese medicine
TACE
tumor necrosis factor converting enzyme
TrkB
tyrosine Kinase receptor B
TRAF-6
tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6
UPLC
ultra-performance liquid chromatography
WHO
World Health Organization
γ-PGA
poly-γ-glutamic acid
Keywords
Alzheimer’s disease
Ginsenoside Rg1
Pharmacological effects
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© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.