The ultrasound extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél alleviates metabolic syndromes in hyperlipidaemic Wistar-Kyoto rats fed with a high-fat diet
Graphical abstract
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 17.9 million deaths every year due to complications (World Health Organization, 2017). Some indicators of CVDs include hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, overweight, and obesity. A diet high in fat is one of the contributing factors to CVDs (World Health Organization, 2017). A high-fat diet (HFD) generally causes metabolic syndromes, such as oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, pro-thrombotic conditions, high blood pressure, and obesity (Grundy, 2016; Petrie et al., 2018).
The species of genus Pleurotus, also known as the oyster mushrooms, are the second most important commercial mushrooms (Alam et al., 2010). The Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél and the Pleurotus ostreatus (Jac. Ex. Fr.) P. Kumm are the most widely cultivated species from the Pleurotus genus. Numerous mushroom species have been proven to have beneficial effects against CVDs, including species of the Pleurotus genus (Choi et al., 2017; Schneider et al., 2011; Sheng et al., 2019; Yoon et al., 2012). P. pulmonarius is confirmed to possess several therapeutic properties such as anti-diabetic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidaemic (Balaji et al., 2020; Lavi et al., 2010; Zainal Abidin et al, 2016, 2018). These studies proved that P. pulmonarius has the potential to alleviate several risk factors of CVDs. However, most researchers used conventional methods to obtain the extracts of P. pulmonarius, such as maceration, boiling, and solvent fractionation (Khatun et al., 2015; Nguyen et al., 2016; Zainal Abidin et al., 2016).
Ultrasound or sonication demonstrates numerous applications and is used for various purposes in the food industry, such as processing, preservation, extraction, and enzyme inactivation (Tao et al, 2019, 2021, 2019; Vallejo-Domínguez et al., 2021). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a rapid and efficient extraction technique that utilises ultrasound cavitation to generate physical and chemical phenomena, facilitating the transfer of bioactive compounds into the surrounding liquid (Tao et al., 2019). UAE shortens extraction time and consumes less solvents than conventional extraction methods (Awad et al., 2012). Due to these factors, UAE is considered to be more economical, environmentally friendly, and convenient (Teng et al., 2016).
In a previous study, the application of ultrasound was proven to improve the composition and bioactivities of P. pulmonarius extract in vitro assays compared to using the conventional methods (Amirullah et al., 2020). UAE has been shown to improve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of P. pulmonarius in the in vitro cellular model, murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) (Amirullah et al., 2020). However, no study has been reported on the effects of the ultrasonic extract of P. pulmonarius on animal models (in vivo models). Thus, this study aims to determine the effects of P. pulmonarius extract obtained using ultrasound on the body weight, oxidative stress, serum lipid levels, fatty liver, glucose levels, and inflammatory states of Wistar-Kyoto rats fed with a high-fat diet.
Section snippets
Mushroom material
The fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius were purchased from Vita Agrotech Sdn. Bhd., Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. The species was identified as P. pulmonarius based on the morphological features and DNA sequence information. The mushroom culture was submitted to the Mycology Laboratory, Universiti Malaya, with registration number KUM61119. A voucher for the specimen was submitted to the Universiti Malaya Herbarium (registration number KLU-M1234).
Preparation of extract
Fresh fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius were
Results and discussion
In this study, the acute oral toxicity of the extract of P. pulmonarius was tested using the limit test of the OECD Test No. 425. The limit test is used for materials that are known to be non-toxic with a known lethal dose (LD50) of more than 2000 mg/kg bw. This test was chosen to minimise the number of animals used, as only five animals would be needed (Test No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure, 2008). Literature review from past studies proved that several Pleurotus species,
Conclusion
Our previous research proved that the ultrasound extract of P. pulmonarius had improved bioactivities in a cellular model using murine macrophage cells. However, further study is essential to examine the effects of the extract on animal models. Hence, in this investigation, the potential of P. pulmonarius extract to mitigate metabolic syndromes in animals that consumed HFD while also receiving the ultrasound extract of P. pulmonarius has been demonstrated. In rats fed with HFD, the rats that
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Universiti MalayaSpecial Research Fund Assistance (BKS) [BKS013-2018] and the Universiti Malaya Research University Grant (RU Faculty) [GPF008B-2018]. The authors are grateful to Universiti Malaya for providing the opportunity to conduct this study.
References (69)
- et al.
Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats
Saudi J. Biol. Sci.
(2011) - et al.
Applications of ultrasound in analysis, processing and quality control of food: a review
Food Res. Int.
(2012) - et al.
Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Pleurotus pulmonarius against streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic Wistar albino rats
Saudi J. Biol. Sci.
(2020) - et al.
Impact of elevated aspartate and alanine aminotransferase on metabolic syndrome and its components among adult people living in Ningxia, China
Chronic Dis. Transl. Med.
(2015) - et al.
Alanine aminotransferase is associated with atherothrombotic risk factors in a British South Asian population
J. Thromb. Haemostasis
(2008) - et al.
Effects of high fat diets on rodent liver bioenergetics and oxidative imbalance
Redox Biol
(2016) Serum aminotransferase concentration as evidence of hepatocellular damage
Lancet
(2000)- et al.
Nutritional qualities and antioxidant activity of three edible oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.)
NJAS - Wageningen J. Life Sci.
(2015) - et al.
Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties of 3-(4-hydroxyl)propanoic acid derivatives in high-cholesterol fed rats
Chem. Biol. Interact.
(2007) - et al.
The NF-κB pathway in atherosclerosis: a potential therapeutic target for atherothrombotic vascular disease
Thromb. Res.
(2011)
Gallic acid suppresses inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice: possible mechanisms
Int. Immunopharm.
Tumor suppression effect of Solanum nigrum polysaccharide fraction on breast cancer via immunomodulation
Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
Lipid lowering effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in humans
J. Funct. Foods
Parametric and phenomenological studies about ultrasound-enhanced biosorption of phenolics from fruit pomace extract by waste yeast
Ultrason. Sonochem.
Comparison between airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound to intensify air drying of blackberry: heat and mass transfer simulation, energy consumption and quality evaluation
Ultrason. Sonochem.
Inflammation in the vascular bed: importance of vitamin C
Pharmacol. Ther
Mycelial growth conditions and molecular phylogenetic relationship of Pleurotus ostreatus
World Appl. Sci. J.
Application of ultrasound towards improving the composition of phenolic compounds and enhancing in vitro bioactivities of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél extracts
Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol.
Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of an extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, and its major constituent, chrysin, in Triton WR-1339-induced hypercholesterolemic rats
J. Physiol. Biochem.
Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal
Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.
Study of toxicity and anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Pleurotus pulmonarius and the aqueous extract of Pleurotus floridanus
J. Food, Nutr. Popul. Heal.
Technical evaluation of antioxidant activity
Med. Chem.
Ethanolic extract of the golden oyster mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Agaricomycetes), alleviates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese mice
Int. J. Med. Mushrooms
In vitro antioxidant and in vivo hypolipidemic effects of the king oyster culinary-medicinal mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (Agaricomycetes), in rats with high-fat diet-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia
Int. J. Med. Mushrooms
Toxicological assessment of Pleurotus ostreatus in sprague Dawley rats
Int. J. Nutr. Pharmacol. Neurol. Dis.
Regulation of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in response to a high fat diet: a longitudinal study in rats
J. Physiol. Biochem.
A mouse model of metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, fatty liver and non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) in C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet
J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.
Experimental evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Oyster mushroom Pleurotus Florida
Indian J. Pharmacol.
Recent advancements in the LC- and GC-based analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA): a brief overview
Chromatographia
A review on laboratory liver function tests
Pan Afr. Med. J.
Metabolic syndrome update
Trends Cardiovasc. Med.
Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies with Agaricoglycerides, extracted from Grifola frondosa, in animal models of pain and inflammation
Inflammation
Histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study of experimentally induced fatty liver in adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of pomegranate
J. Microsc. Ultrastruct.
Cited by (8)
Bioactive compounds, nutraceutical values and its application in food product development of oyster mushroom
2024, Journal of Future FoodsEvaluation of the suitability of Pleurotus as a fluid loss control agent using the chemical structural properties approach
2023, Scientific AfricanCitation Excerpt :They are gotten from decayed or dead wood buried in soil under a very low-temperature environment. Pleurotus is of great interest because the biologically active compound content in it such as pleura, gotten from Pleurotus species, has shown both blood cholesterol-reducing and immunity-stimulating effects [1,2,32]. Immune-modulatory and antitumor activities are possessed by Proteoglycans whereas polysaccharides are dietary fibers that are among others most active [16].
In vivo functional and health benefits of a prebiotic soursop whey beverage processed by high-intensity ultrasound: Study with healthy Wistar rats
2022, Food ChemistryCitation Excerpt :One study assessed the consumption of a probiotic product processed by ultrasound in rats (Ruan et al., 2020) and observed a decrease in systolic blood pressure after consuming a fermented soy meal processed by ultrasound. Another study evaluated the supplementation of extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Grey Oyster mushroom) prepared using high-intensity ultrasound in an animal model for metabolic syndrome (Amirullah, Zainal Abidin, Abdullah, & Manickam, 2021). It was observed hypolipidaemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Dual-frequency multi-angle ultrasonic processing technology and its real-time monitoring on physicochemical properties of raw soymilk and soybean protein
2021, Ultrasonics SonochemistryCitation Excerpt :As one type of non-thermal technology, ultrasound has been applied widely in food engineering. Due to green and pollution-free characteristic, ultrasound-assisted extraction has a wide application with advantages of short extraction time, high extraction rate and no chemicals residue [5–7]. The application of ultrasonic technology in protein extraction not only increases SPC and its solubility, but also induces SP structural changes [8–10].