Inhibitory properties of Coffea canephora extract against oral bacteria and its effect on demineralisation of deciduous teeth

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.001

Archives of Oral Biology

Volume 56, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 556-564

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.001 Get rights and content

Abstract

Objectives

The antibacterial activity of Coffea canephora extract was evaluated in vitro against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The viability of planktonic cells was analysed by susceptibility tests (MIC and MBC) and time-kill assays. The effect of the extract on dental demineralisation was also investigated.

Methods

Primary 1st molar fragments (n = 24) were inoculated with a saliva pool and sustained in a multiple plaque growth system for 10 days to form biofilm. The biofilm was treated with light roasted C. canephora extract at 20%, Milli-Q water (negative control) and chlorhexidine (positive control) once a day, during a week. Blank controls comprised fragments without treatment. Biofilm pH was monitored in the last day of treatment. Changes in tooth mineralisation were assessed by cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) test.

Results

MIC and MBC for S. mutans were 7 ± 2 mg/mL and 160 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively, showing no activity for S. sobrinus. The extract produced a 4-log reduction in the number of colonies of S. mutans after 3-h treatment (p < 0.05) with undiluted extract (20%) and MBC concentration (16%). There was no difference among negative/blank controls and coffee plaque pH. Differences between CSMH values of dental fragments subjected to the coffee extract and to chlorhexidine were not significant. At depths up to 30 μm from the enamel surface, coffee extract and chlorhexidine promoted higher CSMH values when compared to blank/negative controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that light roasted C. canephora extract is beneficial as an anticariogenic substance.

Introduction

Dental biofilm is defined as the diverse microbial community found on tooth surface embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and host origin.¹ From a biochemical point of view, the bacteria in the biofilm are always metabolically active, causing fluctuations in pH. These fluctuations may cause a loss of minerals from the tooth when pH drops, or a gain of minerals when pH increases.² The cumulative result of these de- and re-mineralisation processes may be a net loss of minerals, leading to dissolution of the dental hard tissues and the formation of a caries lesion.¹ Therefore, an important strategy for the prevention of dental caries is to reverse or halt the mineral loss.³

Over the past two decades, the anti-caries potential of polyphenols extracted from different types of natural products such as propolis, tea, cocoa, cranberry, has been reported.4, 5, 6 These substances have been proven to be potential agents in the prevention of oral disease, particularly biofilm-related diseases.7, 8

In the plant kingdom, the sources of polyphenols are numerous.⁶ Coffee is not only the most popular and widely consumed beverage throughout the world, but also rich in polyphenols as well.⁹ Studies have shown the possibility of dental caries prevention by coffee's antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans,10, 11 which is a member of the endogenous oral microflora and also a contributor to biofilm formation in the oral cavity.¹²

The antibacterial activity of coffee against S. mutans changes according to its chemical composition that is influenced by species and processing such as roasting and decaffeination.¹¹ Previously, we observed that Coffea canephora extracts presented better performance as an antibacterial agent compared to Coffea arabica.¹¹ However, there is no evidence that C. canephora extracts exert the same activity against cariogenic bacteria other than S. mutans. Another important aspect that has not been investigated is the effect of coffee on the de-remineralisation process of caries disease. Exploring these themes would result in a more direct and realistic picture of coffee anticaries effect.

Therefore, in the present study, we first evaluated, in vitro, the antibacterial effect of a C. canephora extract against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Following, we investigated the demineralisation effect of the extract on deciduous teeth after ex vivo treatment of mixed biofilm.

Section snippets

Coffea canephora extract and controls

Regular C. canephora cv. Conillon beans were roasted in a commercial spouted bed roaster (I-Roast, Gumee, IL, USA), operating at a max. temperature of 220 °C, for 6 min, to produce a light roasting degree (SCAA, USA). Roasting coffee beans were ground in a laboratory-scale mill to pass through a 0.46 mm sieve. An aqueous coffee extract at 20% (pH 5.28 ± 0.8) was obtained by a coffee brewing procedure, percolating 100 mL of pre-boiling (95 °C) Milli-Q purified water through 20 g of ground roast coffee.

Results

The phenolic compounds, caffeine and minerals concentrations in the C. canephora aqueous extract at 20% are presented in Table 1, Table 2, respectively.

Discussion

The use of plant extracts with medicinal properties represents a concrete alternative for the treatment of different diseases. This includes the use of natural products as antimicrobial agents,5, 13, 16 even though in the absence of scientific basis such practices may generate serious adverse effects.¹³ Regarding the use of coffee extracts, it could not be disapproved, since this beverage is part of the habitual diet for many people, except for those who are very sensitive to caffeine.

There is

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Professor Jaime Aparecido Cury for the fluoride analyses performed in the Oral Biochemical Laboratory situated in the Physiologic Science Department of State University of Campinas. The authors would like to thank Mr. Marlei Gomes da Silva for generously providing support for the biofilm assay. The financial support of the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) is also acknowledged.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: We affirm

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Inhibitory properties of Coffea canephora extract against oral bacteria and its effect on demineralisation of deciduous teeth

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Section snippets

Coffea canephora extract and controls

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

Arch Oral Biol

J Ethnopharmacol

Food Chem

Arch Oral Biol

Arch Oral Biol

Am J Clin Nutr

J Dent

J Dent

Bioorg Med Chem

What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms

J Dent Res

Oral biofilms: emerging concepts in microbial ecology

J Dent Res

Fluoride, remineralization and root caries

Am J Dent

Oolong tea polyphenols inhibit experimental dental caries in SPF rats infected with mutans streptococci

Caries Res

The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans

Caries Res

Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation

Caries Res

Chlorogenic acids and lactones in regular and water-decaffeinated arabica coffees

J Agric Food Chem