Effect of dietary phospholipids levels and sources on growth performance, fatty acid composition of the juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.037

Aquaculture

Volume 430, 20 June 2014, Pages 166-172

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.037 Get rights and content

Highlights

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No previous work has addressed effect of dietary phospholipids for swimming crab.
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Dietary phospholipids could improve the growth of juvenile swimming crab.
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Egg yolk lecithin had a higher nutritional value than soybean lecithin.

Abstract

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of various levels and sources of dietary phospholipids (PL) on growth performance and fatty acid composition of juvenile Portunus trituberculatus. Six semi-purified diets were formulated to contain one control group, three levels of soybean lecithin (SL1%, SL2%, SL4%) and two levels of egg yolk lecithin (EL1%, EL2%), but remaining isolipidtic and isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed in triplicates (18 crabs replicate^− 1, initially weighing 22.22 ± 0.08 g). The dietary PL supplementation groups (except the group of SL 2%) had significantly higher weight gain (WG), special growth ratio (SGR) and final body wet weight (FBW) than the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, crabs fed diets with 2% EL supplementation showed higher SGR than 2% SL supplemented group (P < 0.05). With PL supplementation, we also observed that the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) percentage of the hepatopancreas and muscle increased with a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level. Compared with the control group, crabs fed diets with EL supplementation had higher n-3/n-6 ratio in muscle (P < 0.05). Compared with hepatopancreas, higher level of HUFA (especially for C20:5n-3) and lower PUFA level were observed in muscle. Based on growth performance, this study suggested that 1% PL (SL or EL) supplemented in diets could satisfy the requirement of juvenile P. trituberculatus. Moreover, crabs fed diets with EL supplementation had a higher nutritional value of fatty acid profiles than SL groups.

Introduction

Phospholipids (PL) were evidenced to be an important nutrient for crustaceans. The majority of crustaceans could synthesize phospholipids, but the level of synthesis is so low that it could not meet metabolic requirements (Kanazawa, 1985). Moreover, phospholipids are important precursors for a series of highly biologically active mediators of metabolism and physiology, such as diacylglycerol, eicosanoids, etc. (Tocher et al., 2008). As an emulsifier, phospholipids have been reported to improve lipid absorption in body (Coutteau et al., 1997). The requirements for dietary PL have been extensively conducted in crustaceans, including Litopenaeus vannamei (Gong et al., 2000, Roy et al., 2006), Penaeus merguiensis (Thongrod and Boonyaratpalin, 1998), and Eriocheir sinensis (Wu et al., 2010, Wu et al., 2011).

It is also well known that phospholipids had a significant effect on survival, growth, and resistance to stress in some fishes and crustaceans (Gong et al., 2000, Pascual, 1986, Roy et al., 2006, Uyan et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2010, Wu et al., 2011). Due to the different origins, there were different fatty acid composition and oxidative stability between egg yolk lecithin (EL) and soybean lecithin (SL) (Miyashita et al., 1994, Nara et al., 1997). Several papers have also proved that different PL sources (especially EL and SL) have a different effect on fishes and crustaceans (Azarm et al., 2013, Coutteau et al., 2000, Hamza et al., 2012). So it is difficult to determine the optimal levels/sources of dietary PL for different crustaceans.

The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is distributed from China, through Korea to Japan (Miyake, 1983). However, because of the overfishing and pollutions, the natural resource of P. trituberculatus has shown a downward trend in East China Sea since the 1990s (Yu et al., 2003). Over the past several decades, P. trituberculatus has become an important species for china aquaculture (Chen et al., 2006). However, nutrition studies for juveniles P. trituberculatus are still lacking. Moreover, the role and requirement of PL in P. trituberculatus nutrition have not been addressed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of various levels and sources of dietary PL on growth performance and fatty acid composition of juvenile P. trituberculatus, which may provide information on the practical use of PL in diets.

Section snippets

Experimental diets

Six semi-purified diets were formulated to contain one control group, three levels of soybean lecithin (SL1%, SL2%, SL4%) and two levels of egg yolk lecithin (EL1%, EL2%), but remaining isolipidtic and isonitrogenous (Table 1). The source of SL is a light yellow powder containing 95% acetone insolubility and 50% phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Siwei Company, Zhengzhou, China). The source of EL is a light yellow powder containing 90% acetone insolubility and 30% phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Huaxiahoude

Survival and growth performance

The experiment showed that the test diets were well accepted by crabs. The survival of crabs from six treatments ranged from 67% to 76%, and no significant differences were observed among treatments (P > 0.05). Crabs fed control diet had significantly lower weight gain (WG), special growth ratio (SGR) and final body wet weight (FBW) than other groups (P < 0.05), except the group of PL2 (Table 3). The SGR values of 2% EL supplemented groups were significantly higher than 2% SL supplemented groups

Discussion

It has been demonstrated that dietary PL is utilized as a source of nutrient for early stages of fish and crustacean (Coutteau et al., 1997). Several papers have also reported that diets supplemented with PL could enhance the efficiency of lipid utilization and supply preformed PC for growth (Sánchez et al., 2012, Tocher et al., 2008). The studies of juvenile L. vannamei (Gong et al., 2000, González-Félix et al., 2002b) and juvenile Penaeus monodon (Kumaraguru vasagam et al., 2005) showed that

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the Zhejiang Major Special Program of Breeding (2012C12907-3), the Project of Education Department of Zhejiang Province (Y201225349), the Zhejiang Provincial Oceanic and Fishery Bureau project, Public Projects of Zhejiang Province (2013C32037), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA10A409), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41106123, No. 41376150), the Scientific Research Fund of the Zhejiang

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Citation Excerpt :
After that, the supernatants were aspirated to measure the contents of VC. The contents of EPA in the digestive gland and muscle were measured using gas chromatograph methods described by Li et al. (2014) with some modification. The digestive gland and muscle lipid were extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v).
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Effect of dietary phospholipids levels and sources on growth performance, fatty acid composition of the juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Experimental diets

Survival and growth performance

Discussion

Acknowledgments

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Official methods of analysis of AOAC International