Original Research PaperSteady-shear magnetorheological response of fluids containing solution-combustion-synthesized Ni-Zn ferrite powder
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are smart fluids which have the ability to tune their viscosity reversibly in split-second time, via an externally applied magnetic field. This unique ability makes the MRFs useful for applications involving mechanical shock mitigation and vibration damping, without any permanent failure. The most relevant magnetorheological parameter deciding the efficiency of mechanical impact addressal is the yield strength developed in the MRF on magnetic activation. Conventionally, a high yield strength value can be expected from the MRFs containing metallic magnetic (Fe, Co, Ni or their alloys) particles having high saturation magnetization [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, MRFs containing these metallic particles suffer from poor dispersion stability and extremely difficult redispersibility post-sedimentation in carrier fluid as well as chemical instability in ambience/work environments. Although there are methods to circumvent these issues by making use of additives to MRFs [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] or coating the particles [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], these deteriorate the magnetic properties of particles leading to a decrease in speed of response of the MRF. Moreover, cumbersome synthesis [3], [4], [18], [19], [20], [21] and stringent conditions of preservation of the functional magnetic particles add to the cost of such MRFs, limiting the feasibility of their industrial scale usage.
Hence, in our present work, we investigate the magnetorheological response of MRFs containing an alternate magnetic oxide powder, i.e., Ni-Zn ferrite particles. The interest in choice of Ni-Zn ferrite powder is due to its excellent chemical and thermo-oxidative stabilities and low mass-density (which eliminates the need of additives or coating agents in the MRF). Furthermore, this method of production is highly economical with low (a few minutes) production time, which is industry-friendly. Unlike metallic (such as Fe) particles, the preservation of the Ni-Zn ferrite sample is easy. In addition to the fact that synthesis of Ni-Zn ferrite by solution combustion technique [22], [23] needs no sophisticated techniques, it is a reproducible method which uses low-cost precursors. In this study, we have chosen a specific composition, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, due to its best magnetic properties (compared to all other compositions of Ni-Zn ferrites) in terms of saturation magnetization and magnetic softness [24].
Besides their good magnetorheological property, the MRFs containing ferrimagnetic oxide particles also show enhanced dispersion stability against sedimentation due to their low density. There are noteworthy works on magnetorheological fluids based on calcium ferrite nano-crystal clusters [25], manganese ferrite/graphene oxide nanocomposites [26] and highly magnetic zinc ferrite nano-crystal clusters [27].
In the forthcoming sections, we discuss the synthesis procedure of Ni-Zn ferrite powder and its structural, morphological and magnetic properties. This is succeeded by the details on preparation of MRFs and their magnetorheological characterization under steady-state shear conditions, at different applied magnetic field strengths. The magnetorheological parameters viz. yield strength, ratios of on-state to off-state viscosities of MRFs, their significance and the relationship between these parameters to particle microstructure and magnetic nature are discussed.
Section snippets
2.1 Synthesis of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 powder and preparation of MRFs
Ni-Zn ferrite powders of different compositions can be synthesized by various methods [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], however, the choice of synthesis depends on the required physical and magnetic properties of the product phase. Solution combustion method initially employed by Hwang et al [37] was a two-step process, which involves an initial sol–gel auto-ignition process followed by calcination at an elevated temperature to obtain crystalline ferrite powder with high
Results and discussion
The XRD pattern (Fig. 1(a)) confirmed the formation of pure phase spinel (Fdm) structured Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4. The Miller indices corresponding to the Bragg reflections of the XRD pattern are shown in Fig. 1(a). The Rietveld refinement of cation occupancy confirmed the stoichiometric phase. The lattice parameter (a) and crystallite size (L) determined by applying Scherrer formula (for (3 1 1) Bragg peak of NZFP) are 8.4399 Å and 34.2 nm, respectively. The X-ray density of NZFP sample was
Conclusions
Soft-magnetic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 powder having irregular particle morphology was prepared using industrially scalable solution combustion synthesis method. The MRFs were prepared by dispersing these particles in thin silicone oil at different weight fractions. The dynamic yield stresses of the MRFs estimated by Bingham plastic model fit of the obtained flow curves showed strong dependence of yield strength on the morphology and magnetic nature of particles. The Ni-Zn ferrite powder based MRF
Acknowledgement
BS is grateful for the financial support received from the sponsored research program of ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell (Code number: ISTC/CMR/BS/355). The authors thank Mr. Venkataiah (Chemical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore) for facilitating the magnetorheometer.
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