The nutritional value of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) for broilers☆
Introduction
Soybean meal (SBM) is the most common vegetable protein source in poultry diets, but dietary replacement of soybean products with home-grown legume seeds for non-ruminant animals has been receiving growing attention recently in countries that cannot produce soybean due to unfavorable climatic conditions
According to earlier research, protein from lupins is utilized to the same degree as of the SBM (Alloui et al., 1994, Steenfeldt et al., 2003, Kaczmarek et al., 2014); the metabolizable energy of yellow lupin meal (YLM) for poultry is around 9.5 MJ/kg of dry matter (DM) (Alloui et al., 1994). The nutritional value of lupin seeds for poultry depends mainly on their amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy, which is positively correlated with the fat content and negatively with non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (Nalle et al., 2010, Nalle et al., 2011, Nalle et al., 2012, Kaczmarek et al., 2014). The yellow lupin seeds contain approximately 272–353 g/kg of NSP, of which above 5% is water soluble, thereby limiting their application in poultry feeding (Gdala and Buraczewska, 1996).
Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors in YLM depend on the cultivars and growing conditions. Published data on nutrient and amino acid utilization and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of yellow lupins for broilers are limited and inconsistent (Alloui et al., 1994, Gdala et al., 1997). Zalewski et al. (2001) and Lahuta and Górecki (2011) showed that carbohydrate composition of lupin seeds is affected by the environmental conditions and it could be different across batches. Legumes are plants rich in oligosaccharides (OS) such as raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. The OS accounts for approximately 60–70 g/kg of DM (Gdala et al., 1997, Knudsen, 1997). These low-molecular-weight sugars are not hydrolyzed by poultry because of lack of the endogenous enzyme α-1,6 galactosidase. A previous research has showed that stachyose and raffinose content affects the TMEN of soy protein concentrate or SBM (Coon et al., 1990, Leske et al., 1993). When SBM low in OS was used in broiler chickens (Leske et al., 1991, Leske et al., 1993, Baker et al., 2011, Perryman and Dozier, 2012, Chen et al., 2013, Perryman et al., 2013), better nutrients utilization and growth performance were observed. In our previous study (Kaczmarek et al., 2014), we found that OS content of blue lupin seeds negatively affected metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEN) and nutrient utilization. Lupin seeds that showed highest raffinose content (14.5 g/kg) were characterized by the lowest AMEN values.
The aim of this study was to explain the reasons for the variations in nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention levels in cultivars of yellow lupin seeds as feed for broiler chickens carried out by two independent trials.
Section snippets
Lupin seeds
Lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds of four cultivars—Lord, Mister, Parys, Perkoz—harvested in 2012 were used in Experiment I, whereas lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds of seven cultivars – Baryt, Dukat, Lord, Mister, Parys, Perkoz and Taper – harvested in 2013 were used in Experiment II. For both experiments, seeds were obtained from the Plant Breeding Stations in Przebędowo and Wiatrowo, Poland. For Experiment II, seeds were selected from 23 available batches. Selection was based on the contents of
Experiment I
The chemical composition of lupin seeds is presented in Table 1. CP content ranged from 400 to above 440 g/kg of DM. The anti-nutritive factors of lupin seeds are presented in Table 2. Yellow lupin cv. Parys contained more alkaloids than other cultivars (dominating alkaloid was gramine), and the total OS’s content was the highest in cv. Parys as well. The seeds of cv. Parys were characterized by the highest raffinose content. Water extract viscosity ranged from 1.21 to 1.61 cP. Phytic-P content
Discussion
In recent decades, lupin genotypes have been modified to focus on improving the agronomical traits as well as on lowering alkaloid content and increasing CP levels. The seed nutrients studied were found to be within the range determined previously for the older Polish cultivars of yellow lupin (Gdala and Buraczewska, 1996, Sujak et al., 2006). However, the presented results showed that the total alkaloid contents were found to be decreased at the turn of the 20th and 21 st centuries. Older
Conclusion
The inherent variability of seeds may partially explain why birds did respond differently across trials (including this experiment) after being fed with a similar dose of YLM seeds. It seems that the nutritional value of yellow lupin seeds for broilers depends, to a considerable extent, on raffinose content and ileal digesta viscosity. Examining concentrations of nutrients (CP or EE), we found no informative variables for predicting yellow lupin seeds’ AMEN.
Therefore, L. luteus seeds
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by funds from a program “Improvement of native plant protein feeds, their production, trade turnover and utilization in animal feed” of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.
The assistance provided by B. Slominski, A. Rogiewicz, and T. Dave (University of Manitoba) with regard to NSP analyzes is highly appreciated.
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Presented in part at the 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic, August 24–27, 2015. Kaczmarek S.A., Hejdysz M., Rutkowski A. (2015) The nutritional value of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) for broilers. Proceedings, p. 35–36.