Chapter 47 - Miscellaneous Drugs, Materials, Medical Devices and Techniques

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Abstract

The following chapter reviews publications from July 2013 to December 2014 on clinical toxicity and side effects of miscellaneous drugs, drug formulations, excipients and medical procedures. The report presents a summary of key findings, case reports, epigenetic implications and future trends for these compounds and techniques. Specifically this edition covers aluminum, artificial sweeteners, benzyl alcohol, calcium, catheter, choline, codeine, collagen, clopidogrel, Cremaphor, Vitamin D supplement, disulfiram, fluoride, gelatin, glycine, glycols, hyaluronidase, hydroxyethyl starch, latex, liposomes, menthol, magnesium, Miltefosine, phenols and phthalates, parabens, sclerotherapy, Sevelamer, silicone oil and talc. Special reviews are provided for artificial sweeteners and propylene glycol use in electronic cigarettes. All compounds are presented in alphabetical order.

Section snippets

Aluminum (SEDA-36, 726)

Aluminum (Al) is a trivalent cation found in most animal and plant tissues and natural waters. Human beings are naturally exposed to Al in varying quantities in their daily lives from food, water and air. Even though there exists no formal characterization of health hazards, use of Al in numerous cosmetics such as antiperspirants, sunscreens and lipsticks, over the counter pharmaceuticals, injected vaccines that contain adjuvant Al as well as exposure in industrial settings may be a potential

Tumorigenicity

Al salts mainly Al-chlorhydrate (ACH) is an excipient widely used in underarm deodorant/antiperspirants that block sweat ducts upon application when it converts to insoluble Al-hydroxide. Recent in vitro studies using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by Iskakova for the first time alludes to the possible role of Al in breast cancer [4E]. Their studies show that Al-chlorhydrate can increase the migratory and invasive properties of breast cancer cells following long-term exposure (32 weeks).

Nervous System

Benzyl alcohol is an aqueous soluble preservative widely used in injectable pharmaceutical preparations as well as in cosmetic products. Although toxic in neonates and infants, it is generally recognized as safe by the FDA at concentrations up to 5% in adults. The effect of benzyl alcohol present as preservative in bacteriostatic normal saline has recently come under investigation when administered via intraarticular injection. Patients who undergo MRI-based arthrography for standard clinical

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