Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Human Health

doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-816450-1.00004-0

Nutraceuticals and Natural Product Pharmaceuticals

2019, Pages 105-140

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816450-1.00004-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

Chronic diseases are one of the main causes of death worldwide mainly due to lifestyle factors, such as the high consumption of processed foods, low consumption of plants, and lack of exercise. In the last decade, different studies suggest the use of dietary supplements to attenuate many of the pathophysiological processes involved in the development of some of these diseases. Cross-sectional and prospective cohorts and other studies have shown in some situations an association between nutritional supplements diet and a lower prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as a reduced overall mortality. However, the number of clinical studies is very limited and in some cases controversial. The present chapter aims to review the role of a variety of dietary supplements in treating some of these chronic diseases through evaluation of the evidence-based effects of nutritional supplements on human health, from cohort studies to clinical trials and meta-analysis.

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Cited by (4)

Novel insights into enzymes inhibitory responses and metabolomic profile of supercritical fluid extract from chestnut shells upon intestinal permeability
2024, Food Research International
The health benefits of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CSs) have been ascribed to phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, an exhaustive assessment of their intestinal absorption is vital considering a possible nutraceutical application. This study evaluated the bioactivity of CSs extract prepared by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and untargeted metabolomic profile upon in-vitro intestinal permeation across a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture model. The results demonstrated the neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of CSs extract by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and lipase activities. The untargeted metabolic profiling by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS unveiled almost 60 % of lipids and 30 % of phenolic compounds, with 29 metabolic pathways indicated by enrichment analysis. Among phenolics, mostly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins permeated the intestinal barrier with most metabolites arising from phase I reactions (reduction, hydrolysis, and hydrogenation) and a minor fraction from phase II reactions (methylation). The permeation rates enhanced in the following order: ellagic acid < o-coumaric acid < p-coumaric acid < ferulaldehyde ≤ hydroxyferulic acid ≤ dihydroferulic acid < ferulic acid < trans-caffeic acid < trans-cinnamic acid < dihydrocaffeic acid, with better outcomes for 1000 µg/mL of extract concentration and after 4 h of permeation. Taken together, these findings sustained a considerable in-vitro intestinal absorption of phenolic compounds from CSs extract, enabling them to reach target sites and exert their biological effects.
Valorisation of underexploited Castanea sativa shells bioactive compounds recovered by supercritical fluid extraction with CO<inf>2</inf>: A response surface methodology approach
2020, Journal of CO2 Utilization
Citation Excerpt :
Nutraceuticals are a concentrated form of natural bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects in human body, having the ability to ameliorate physical and mental health-related conditions and reduce the risk of diseases [3]. In the last years, the demand for nutraceuticals has substantially increased due to the high prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases and, consequently, high society consciousness to adopt preventive healthcare measures [4]. Moreover, United States of America (USA) and Europe healthcare sector has grown in the last decade, with nutraceuticals becoming an integral part of consumer daily diet [5,6].
Castanea sativa shells (CSS), an abundant and underexploited agro-residue in chestnut producing countries, are an excellent source of bioactive compounds with outstanding health-promoting properties. The aim of this study was to recover bioactive compounds from CSS employing Supercritical Fluid Extraction-CO₂ (SC-CO₂). The optimization of the extraction was performed based on the antioxidant activity of CSS extracts evaluated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays. The optimal CSS extract was further characterized regarding in vitro radical scavenging capacity, phenolic profile and intestinal cell effects. The optimal conditions were 60 °C, 350 bar and 15% of co-solvent. The results demonstrated that CSS extract was an effective scavenger of NO (IC₅₀ = 0.76 μg/mL) and HOCl (IC₅₀ = 1.57 μg/mL). The IC₅₀ calculated for Caco-2 and HT29-MTX were, respectively, 477.94 μg/mL and 3.71 μg/mL. Indeed, the phenolic profile revealed the presence of phenolic acids (particularly ellagic acid and caffeic acid derivative) and flavonoids (epigallocatechin and catechin/epicatechin). Overall, this work suggests the valorization of CSS extracted by SC-CO₂ as promising nutraceutical ingredient based on its bioactivity and safety. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that employed SC to recover bioactive compounds from CSS.
Exploring the Impact of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion in the Bioaccessibility of Phenolic-Rich Chestnut Shells: A Preliminary Study
2023, Separations
Microwave-Assisted Extraction as a Green Technology Approach to Recover Polyphenols from Castanea sativa Shells
2021, ACS Food Science and Technology

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Chapter 4 - Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Human Health

Abstract