Nanogels Containing Polysaccharides for Bioapplications

doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813932-5.00011-X

Polymeric Nanomaterials in Nanotherapeutics

Micro and Nano Technologies

2019, Pages 387-420

Polymeric Nanomaterials in Nanotherapeutics

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813932-5.00011-X Get rights and content

Abstract

Nanogel systems constitute a versatile hydrophilic platform capable of holding guest molecules within their cross-linked networks, such as: therapeutics, biomacromolecules, and inorganic nanoparticles. Polysaccharides are relative cheap raw materials, abundant in nature, nontoxic, and in the majority of cases biocompatible, features that highlight the great potential of their utilization in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biomedical implants. Additionally, they have high water content, large surface area for multivalent bioconjugation, tunable size, and interior network for the incorporation of different pharmaceutical agents. Due to the fitting properties to the biomedical area, polysaccharide-based nanogels have earned particular attention in drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, biosensors, orthopedics, and wound healing. In order to avoid repeating similar information from the existing literature, this chapter presents new information on nanogels based on the most commonly used polysaccharides with biomedical applications. Further insights into clinical trials on polysaccharide nanogels have been summarized.

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Cited by (12)

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This article presents the synthesis and application of a novel magnetic eutectogel constituting a polymeric deep eutectic solvent (PDES), carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH), and super-dispersible/super-paramagnetic polyvinylpyrrolidone coated-Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals incorporated in alginate gel. Different methods were used for the characterization of novel polymeric based DES gel including FT-NMR, ATR-FTIR, and SEM were used. The novel DES eutectogel was used for the extraction of pesticides from honey. The modified eutectogel with PDES, MWCNT, and PDES-MWCNT showed 1.8-, 1.4-, and 2.5-fold enhancement in the sorption efficiency under green magnetic micro-solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method before GC–MS analysis. Important factors including the acidity of the samples, adsorption and desorption conditions, and the ionic strength of the preparation solution were investigated. The matrix effect, specificity, the quantification limits (0.023–1.023 μg kg⁻¹), linear dynamic range (0.023–500 µg kg⁻¹ with R² of 0.9845–0.9986), relative standard deviations (<8.4%), were evaluated. In addition, the method was used to analyze 12 pesticides in four samples of honey. In the spiked concentration range of 0.1 to 10 μg kg^-, the obtained recoveries were between 73.2 and 110.8% (RSD% = 8.1%, n = 3).
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Many research fields are currently investigating nanocarriers with dual functions, which can be used both as therapeutic agents that deliver drugs and nutrients and as diagnostic platforms for monitoring the progress of a disease. Nanogels have great potential to fulfill this purpose, as they are multifunctional structures of natural or synthetic polymers with the ability to incorporate active molecules in a stimuli-responsive manner. In this chapter, recent works on theranostic nanogels are discussed. Emphasis is given to their characteristic properties and composition methods, which justify their numerous applications to this day. Nanogels’ applications in theranostics are also presented, including the great attention for cancer treatment and progress-recording, by encapsulating doxorubicin and magnetic particles or fluorescent substances. Illustrated bio-applications cover investigations on targeting illnesses, regenerating tissues, or having bactericidal action. This chapter focuses on the nanogels’ state-of-the-art as superior biomaterials for theranostics and may act as a future reference for research on this fascinating field.
Anionic exopolysaccharide from Cryptococcus laurentii 70766 as an alternative for alginate for biomedical hydrogels
2022, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Citation Excerpt :
As an FDA-approved biopolymer, alginate (Alg) has been studied to develop hydrogels for diverse applications such as tissue engineering (TE), drug delivery, and wound dressings due to their beneficial properties, e.g., biocompatibility, non-toxicity, high absorption capacity etc. [2–4]. Alg is an anionic linear heteropolysaccharide that is characterized by repetitive units of 1,4-linked -D-mannuronic acid (M) and -L-guluronic acid (G) that are displayed as homosequences chain of MMMMM and GGGGG, interspersed with heterosequences of MGMGMG [5]. Alg may have higher G or higher M contents, witch Alg with a high G content capable of producing stiffer, brittle, and porous gels with greater strength, while Alg with a high M content produce more elastic and weaker gels [6].
Alginates are widely used polysaccharides for biomaterials engineering, which functional properties depend on guluronic and mannuronic acid as the building blocks. In this study, enzymatically crosslinked hydrogels based on sodium alginate (Na-Alg) and the exopolysaccharide (EPS) derived from Cryptococcus laurentii 70766 with glucuronic acid residues were synthesized and characterized as a new potential source of polysaccharide for biomaterials engineering. The EPS was extracted (1.05 ± 0.57 g/L) through ethanol precipitation. Then the EPS and Na-Alg were functionalized with tyramine hydrochloride to produce enzymatically crosslinked hydrogels in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and H₂O₂. Major characteristics of the hydrogels such as gelling time, swelling ratio, rheology, cell viability, and biodegradability were studied. The swelling ratio and degradation profile of both hydrogels showed negative values, indicating an increased crosslinking degree and a lower water uptake percentage. The EPS hydrogel showed similar gelation kinetics compared to the Alg hydrogel. The EPS and its hydrogel were found cytocompatible. The results indicate the potential of EPS from C. laurentii 70766 for biomedical engineering due to its biocompatibility and degradability. Further studies are needed to confirm this EPS as an alternative for Alg in tissue engineering applications, particularly in the development of wound dressing products.
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2022, Materials Today Nano
Citation Excerpt :
The type of polymer which is used and their properties such as hydrophilicity are important to determine the efficacy of the final nanogels as drug carriers. For example, HA, a polysaccharide natural biopolymer, is often introduced as functionalization agent in hybrid nanogels with the aim of decreasing toxicity, enhancing antibacterial and bio-adhesiveness [260]. For example, Grimaudo et al. have produced a physical HA nanogel as a vehicle of ferulic acid–loaded micelles as a treatment option for chronic cornea injuries [261].
Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease and the second most leading cause of irreversible impaired vision in the world, which is primarily linked with high intraocular pressure (IOP). The treatment of glaucoma is currently challenging because of the innate mechanics of ocular barriers that limit the penetration of ophthalmic drugs. To tackle this, various carriers (inorganic-, polymeric-, hydrogel-, or contact lens–based) with specialized physical and chemical properties have been intensively studied. These carrier-drug formulations have shown significant improvement in various aspects, such as ocular barriers penetration, bioavailability, sustained release of drug, tissue targeting, and lowering the IOP. The delivery systems can be administered through various routes (intravitreal or periocular injection or systemic route), enabling the drugs to reach the damaged sites and help to recover the damaged optical nerves, thus considered an effective treatment strategy for glaucoma. In this review, we thoroughly investigate the recent advances in ocular delivery formulations focusing on glaucoma, including nanocarrier types, delivery route, and the efficacy in vitro and in vivo, clinical availability, and future outlook.

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Chapter 11 - Nanogels Containing Polysaccharides for Bioapplications

Abstract