Natural clay-shredded tire mixtures as landfill barrier materials

doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00002-6

Waste Management

Volume 18, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 9-16

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00002-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

A natural overconsolidated fissured clay, Keuper Marl, was mixed with shredded tire, 1–4 and 4–8 mm angular size particles, in weight percentages between 6 and 15%, and examined for use as a constituent in a landfill liner in terms of compaction, unconfined compressive strength, stress-strain behavior, permeability to water and paraffin, leachability, free swell behavior and swelling pressure. The results showed that the compacted dry density reduced solely due to the lighter weight of the tire and the unconfined compressive strength of the mixture was as low a 40% of the strength of the clay alone. In stress-strain behavior the clay-tire mixtures produced a prolonged strain range at failure of roughly double that observed for the clay alone. The permeability to paraffin was reduced by more than 50 times compared to that of water. The leachability results showed different leached levels of copper and nickel from the NRA and TCLP leaching tests which will need to be assessed in relation to appropriate standards. Paraffin caused considerable swelling of the clay-tire mixtures compared to the clay alone and caused the development of swelling pressures of up to 600 kPa. Combinations of the various test results will need to be assessed in relation to the design requirement of the specific landfill liner being designed.

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Addressing the enormous waste resulting from discarded worn rubber tires is an environmental challenge. Recycling and using crushed rubber tire waste (CRTW) in construction materials can help in addressing this challenge. This study investigates the effect of addition of CRTW on the engineering properties of high plasticity clay soils (HPCS). There is a paucity of research in the application of CRTW in HPCS. This research tries to fill this research gap. Specifically, this study seeks to investigate the effect of mixing CRTW on the constitutive properties of HPCS. After identifying a locally available HPCS, mixtures of the clay and several percentages (0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24%) by weight of CRTW were prepared. A range of CRTW shapes and sizes were investigated. Three different particle shapes of CRTW (granular rubber, rubber chips, and rubber fiber), and two particle sizes (fine and coarse) were studied. The parameters studied included unconfined compressive strength (UCS), strain at failure, post-peak strength loss (PPSL), modulus of elasticity, failure modes/mechanisms, repeatability of tests results, and examination of CRTW particles and mixtures via binocular and SEM microscope. Our findings unveiled that the highest level of repeatability was observed in granular CRTW, with a maximum variability of only 5%. Moreover, the mixtures containing granular CRTW exhibited, on average, 10% and 15% higher strength and modulus of elasticity, respectively, in comparison to mixtures incorporating other shapes of CRTW. In general, the HPCS-CRTW mixtures displayed higher shear strains, averaging 25% greater than pure HPCS. Furthermore, the addition of CRTW to HPCS resulted in a reduction of its PPSL and a transition in behavior from brittle to slightly ductile. Examination of failed specimens revealed the existence of two primary failure modes: shear plane failure and shear plane failure accompanied by multiple vertical cracks within the mixtures. These results suggest that the utilization of granular CRTW in HPCS can improve certain properties of HPCS. However, it is advisable to limit the rubber content in this mixture to 6% to mitigate significant adverse effects on its strength.
The utilization of waste rubber tire powder to improve the mechanical properties of cement-clay composites
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Few researchers have investigated the utilization of waste rubber tires in ground improvement applications. Blending tires at certain rates of various forms (i.e., shreds, powders, fibers, grinds, and chips) found to reduce the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and stiffness of clay tire blends [33–37]. The decreased UCS and stiffness actualized by those researchers can be explained by the absence of bonding among clay and tire particles.
This study investigated utilizing waste tire powder as a cement replacement material in soil–cement blends. It also proposed improving cemented clays' strength and stiffness characteristics to decrease environmental impacts due to cement production and waste tire dumping. A light compaction method has been utilized to produce the samples of two densities (1600 kg/m³ and 1800 kg/m³), three cement dosages (7%, 10%, 13%), and five tire powder contents (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% weight of cement) cured for 7, 28, and 60 days. Mechanical properties of prepared blends have been assessed by unconfined compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests to determine the unconfined compressive strength, elastic modulus, and initial shear modulus of samples. The results showed that 2.5% tire powder can be utilized as an optimum value. To additionally clarify the featured mechanical properties of the blends, microstructure analysis of the samples has been performed with the XRF, XRD, and SEM. Correlations have been proposed to determine unconfined compressive strength (q_u), initial shear modulus (G₀)_, and modulus of elasticity (E) to be acquired utilizing just a single test. Moreover, a novel correlation has been developed to predict the unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus of any specimen through non-destructive testing. The final composites can be utilized in different structural and non-load bearing applications, such as a base, sub-base, embankments, rammed earth, and retaining walls dependent on the performance of the final composites.
Shear behavior of mixtures involving tropical soils and tire shreds
2021, Construction and Building Materials
Several times the use of materials with adequate mechanical properties can lead to increases in construction costs. In areas such as the Central-West region of Brazil, where the predominantly fine lateritic soils often require improvement, the investigation of mixtures between the local soil and alternative materials such as Tire Derived Aggregates (TDÁ s) is required. Despite many investigations involving soils and rubber wastes over the years, there is a lack of publication regarding lateritic soils and TDA’s. This paper investigated the use of a fine lateritic soil mixed with TDÁs as an alternative composite for light traffic roads and retaining structures. Experiments were conducted in terms of materials characterization, compaction and shear strength properties, quantified using medium-scale direct shear tests. The direct shear tests were based on the compaction tests which showed that the best rubber content was 5%. The results showed that the shear strength highly depends on the level of displacement allowed, which is an important issue once the investigated soil is composed in its majority of fine particles and the occurrence of cracks can limit their use. Finally, the soil studied mixed with TDA’s showed potential usage for some civil engineering constructions.
Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of clay mixed with waste rubber using cyclic triaxial apparatus
2021, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
Citation Excerpt :
The decrease in the shear modulus following the growth in the rubber content and the lower strength of the rubber-containing specimens can be also related to the higher flexibility of rubber than soil, leading to the lower strength and lower shear modulus of the specimens. The lower strength of CRMs compared with pure soil has been comparatively observed in other studies as well (e.g., Ref. [3,43]. The effect of shear strain amplitude on shear modulus is known in different types of soils.
In view of its appropriate engineering properties and environmental benefits, waste rubber is being increasingly used in engineering applications. Along with static loading, clay-rubber mixture (CRM) can be also utilized under dynamic loading. Due to a lack of detailed research on dynamic and static properties of CRMs, the effects of 0–30% rubber content on geotechnical properties of clay soil (CS) was investigated in this study through strain-controlled monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests. Moreover, the structure of the CRM and pure rubber was observed under a binocular microscope. The results indicated the effects of rubber size, rubber content, and shear strain amplitude on strength, volumetric strain, damping ratio, and shear modulus of the CRM. The results correspondingly demonstrated a good cohesion between clay and rubber grains as well as an appropriate strength and shear strain for the given mixture. According to the results of the dynamic tests, the highest damping ratio was obtained with 10% rubber content. In addition, the shear modulus showed a downward trend as the rubber content and the shear strain amplitude augmented. The use of rubber powder rather than granular rubber also enhanced the damping ratio by 10% on average. In contrast, the granular rubber boosted the shear modulus by 13% as compared with the rubber powder. Based on the results, it is recommended to use 10% rubber powder in executive operations to achieve the highest damping ratio. Considering the static strength of the CRM and its good damping ratio under cyclic loading compared with pure soil, it is suggested to be used in situations wherein soil could be subjected to low compressive loads combined with cyclic loading.
Geotechnical behaviour of clay soil mixed with rubber waste
2020, Journal of Cleaner Production
In recent years, many engineering researchers have used waste rubbers for the purpose of soil improvement because of its geotechnical and environmental benefits. Rubber wastes extracted from tire waste and can exist in various forms. Three different forms of rubber including granular, fiber and chips were used in this study for evaluating the shear strength of the clay soil mixed with rubber wastes. Different tests including compaction, uniaxial, direct shear, and triaxial tests were employed for evaluating the geotechnical parameters of the mix, as well as microstructural studies by optical microscopy and binocular examination, for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Rubber content, size, and form were the parameters investigated in this study. The results are suggestive of the increase in the strength and shear strain of the mixture by increasing the rubber size. According to the results, the strength of the mixture containing crumb rubber increased by 10–25% as compared to the mixture containing rubber powder under various confined stresses. Further, it was found that rubber fibers offered a higher strength than the other forms of rubber. The limited drop in the strength after the peak is also significant regarding the soil–rubber waste mixture. The separate study of strength under optimum moisture content and saturation conditions shows that this parameter demonstrates different behaviors under each of the conditions. The volume changes of the soil mix specimens are suggestive of a contraction in the mix. Given the reduced maximum dry density of the mix specimens and the favorable shear strength of the mix, using the waste rubber for various geotechnical engineering applications, such as filler material, is recommended.
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2020, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
The disposal of waste tire has caused a significant health and environmental problem around the world. Nearly 1 billion tons of tires are discarded each year. Among the discarded tires, only a very small portion is recycled, and most of them are discarded in garbage or landfills without any safe treatment. In the past decades, waste tires have been used in various geotechnical engineering applications, such as subgrade backfilling, landfill, retaining wall and slope reinforcement and etc. The paper shows a comprehensive review on the engineering properties and environmental effects of recycled waste tire - sand/soil mixtures. The engineering properties of different types of recycled waste tire - soil/sand mixtures, including compression and deformation behavior, shearing properties, dynamic features, and thermal/microstructural characteristics, are investigated. In addition, the environmental concerns, such as the leachability of waste tires in soils and/or water are examined based on the literature. Overall, the comprehensive review indicates that the re-utilization of recycled waste tire - soil/sand mixtures in geotechnical engineering is promising.

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Original contributionNatural clay-shredded tire mixtures as landfill barrier materials

Abstract

Tire recycling Incentive Act of 1990

Rubber clay liners against petroleum based contaminants

A geotechnical investigation of soil-tire mixtures for engineering applications

Rubber-kaolinite and rubber-bentonite liners

Permeability of rubber-soil liners under confinement

Recovery of scrap rubber tires from landfill for construction uses

Engineered clay-shredded tyre mixtures as barrier materials

An investigation into the use of soil-type mixtures as construction material

Journal of Environmental Technology

Viscosity and dielectric constant control on the hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils permeated with water-soluble organics

Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Sorption capacity of shredded waste tires

The effect of mellowing periods of lime treated British clays used in highway pavement capping layers

Original contribution
Natural clay-shredded tire mixtures as landfill barrier materials