The effect of foraging material and perch height on feather pecking and feather damage in laying hens
Introduction
Over the last years, there has been much debate as to whether feather pecking in laying hens is related to the motivational system for dustbathing behaviour (Vestergaard and Lisborg, 1993; Vestergaard et al., 1993; Vestergaard, 1994) or to that for feeding behaviour (Blokhuis and Arkes, 1984; Blokhuis, 1986, Blokhuis, 1989; Martin, 1986; Baum, 1995). Recently, we have shown that providing chicks with a sand area for dustbathing does not prevent them from developing high rates of feather pecking (Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, 1997), and Nørgaard-Nielsen (1997)reported that chicks reared with or without access to sand do not differ in the number of feather pecks received or performed during dustbathing. On the other hand, we found that provision of foraging material is efficient in reducing feather pecking in chicks (Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, 1997Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, in press). In a series of experiments we demonstrated that the time the chicks spend on exploratory and manipulative foraging behaviour away from the feeder is inversely related to the rate of feather pecking. We therefore concluded that feather pecking should be considered as redirected foraging behaviour (Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, in press).
The present study aimed to verify whether adult laying hens also show less feather pecking when provided with foraging material. As with previous experiments with chicks (Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, in press), groups of hens were kept in pens with or without polystyrene blocks as foraging material. Polystyrene blocks were chosen, as they elicit foraging behaviour but do not have nutritive value and, unlike wood-shavings or straw, do not elicit dustbathing behaviour. In addition, we tested whether perch height (45 cm or 70 cm above floor level) has an effect on feather pecking and feather damage. It was expected that feather damage would be more pronounced in hens that can not withdraw to high perches and are hence continuously available to feather pecking groupmates.
In a study with laying hen chicks (Wechsler et al., in press) we also found that there were qualitative differences in feather pecking between individuals characterised by high and lower rates of this behaviour. The percentage of feather pecking interactions classified as `plucking' (severe pecks) was significantly higher in chicks defined as `high rate peckers'. In the present study, we examined whether adult hens with high rates of feather pecking also show more severe forms of this behaviour. In addition, we tested whether the two factors varied between the pens (provision of foraging material, perch height) had significant effects on the quality of feather pecks. Finally, we investigated whether hens situated at specific locations within the pen or engaged in specific activities were especially likely to receive feather pecks.
Section snippets
Animals and housing conditions
A total of 224 white laying hens (`Lohman Selected Leghorn' hybrids) were used in this experiment. They were not beak-trimmed and had been reared in a flock of 700 birds on a farm at a density of 10.8 birds/m2. The room in which the hens were kept for the first 18 weeks of life was illuminated by both artificial light and daylight. The floor was covered with wood-shavings. In addition, the birds had access to a sand area (200×200 cm) and two bales of straw that were replaced now and then. There
Results
The provision of foraging material had the intended effect on the behaviour of the birds. The percentage of hens that were foraging in the `scan' samples was significantly higher in pens with than without polystyrene blocks (average values 15 and 10%, respectively; F(1,12)=9.47, P=0.01). Perch height had no significant effect on foraging behaviour (F(1,12)=0.00002, P=0.99), and there was no significant difference in the amount of foraging material the hens removed from the blocks between pens
Discussion
The results of the present study with adult hens are in accordance with observations made in previous studies with laying hen chicks (Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, 1997Huber-Eicher and Wechsler, in press). Hens provided with polystyrene blocks showed significantly lower rates of feather pecking interactions than hens kept without such foraging material. Once again, we found an inverse relationship between foraging behaviour and feather pecking. The conclusion we had drawn from the experiments with
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Federal Veterinary Office of Switzerland, the Schweizer Tierschutz STS, the Kanton Zürich, The Migros-Genossenschafts-Bund and the Meta und Willi Eichelsbacher Stiftung for their financial support of the research project (No. 014.94.1). We also would very much like to thank Rolf Eggler who constructed the experimental pens. David Nash made valuable comments on the manuscript.
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