The use of garlic (Alliumsativa) and lemon peel (Citrus limom) extracts as Culex pipiens larvacides: Persistence and interaction with an organophosphate resistance mechanism

doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00161-7

Chemosphere

Volume 39, Issue 14, December 1999, Pages 2489-2496

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00161-7 Get rights and content

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the use of botanical pesticides to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and also to avoid problems with insecticide resistance. We present here data from bioassays on Culex pipiens mosquito larvae using raw garlic and lemon peel extracts made by simply crushing material in water. Both garlic and lemon were toxic to mosquitoes. Garlic was more persistent than lemon, with no significant differences in kill between fresh and approximately 4.5 day old treatments. The addition of food to the bioassays increased toxicity to both lemon and garlic and represent the situation in the field more closely, where food will be available to the larva. A mosquito strain resistant to organophosphate insecticides was significantly less susceptible to the lemon extract which suggests that using natural extracts as larvacides will not necessarily side-step problems posed by some existing mechanisms of resistance to synthetic compounds.

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Bioactivity of Allium sativum essential oil-based nano-emulsion against Planococcus citri and its predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
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Botanical extracts, in particular essential oils (EOs), could be the ideal candidates for the development of biopesticides as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. However, some limitations of EOs (high flammability, volatility, degradability, poor solubility in water) prevent their use under real operational conditions. Nanotechnologies are useful tools to overcome the above-mentioned limitations of these natural substances. Furthermore, encapsulation in nano-delivery systems (nanoparticles and nano-emulsions) can improve the functional properties of EOs. In this context, this study aimed to develop a highly stable, concentrated garlic nano-emulsion (15%) and to evaluate the acute toxicity with different exposure routes towards Planococcus citri and its predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. First, garlic EO was used to develop a nano-emulsion (15% EO; 5% Tween 80; 80% water) using a high-pressure microfluidizer; then both the crude EO and EO in nano-emulsion were chemically investigated by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) technique. The nano-emulsion was physically characterized by dynamic light scattering analysis over time (24 h, 3 months and 1 year after preparation) and used in bioassays involving both the target and non-target organisms. Results showed that the garlic EO consisted of over 95% sulphur compounds with diallyl disulphide as the most abundant component, and the developed nano-emulsion remained stable even after 1 year, with droplets’ dimension within the nanometric range (221.4 nm). The nano-formulation was effective against the target pest after 48 h from the treatment (Direct: LC₉₀ = 0.967%; Indirect: LC₉₀ = 1.088%), while it had no effect on C. montrouzieri. These promising results highlight the potential of garlic-based nano-emulsion as effective and environmentally friendly insecticide for pest control.
Mosquito repellent fabric: Development and characterization of peppermint and garlic mixture finish on knitted fabric to examine mosquito repellency
2023, Heliyon
Mosquito-repellent textiles are a part of protective textiles which help in protection from the species that are prone to cause diseases like malaria and dengue fever. This study explored the possibility of natural extract (alcoholic) from peppermint leaves, stems, and garlic cloves to use as a mosquito-repellent finish material on knit fabric. Accordingly, different concentration (5%, 15%, 25%, and 35%) of PGE (Peppermint Garlic Extract) solution was prepared and applied to the developed fabric using an exhaust dyeing process to assess the mosquito (Aedes Aegypti L.) repellency performance. Following WHO (World Health Organization) standard (cone bioassay) and a self-modified cage technique from literature survey, mosquito protection and repellency tests have been performed for characterization. The findings revealed that the PGE-treated fabric samples C (25% PGE) and D (35% PGE) had the highest mosquito mortality (50.00% and 76.67%, respectively) and repellency (78.6% and 85.6%, respectively) rates. Moreover, this study evaluated the prepared PGE formulations’ shelf-life performance and colorfastness properties of PGE-treated fabrics, including the impact of washing cycles on the treated fabrics. There was no fungal growth, and the fabric showed excellent colorfastness properties. However, the efficacy of treated fabrics decreased with an increasing number of washes.
Allium sativum extract against free-living larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus: a potential environmental biocontrol
2022, Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports
Citation Excerpt :
Allicin is responsible for part of the plant's pharmaceutical properties and can be seen as a yellowish liquid that appears after crushing the bulb. Moreover, the insecticidal activity against horn flies, fleas, and culex may come from the diallyl-disulfate compound (Thomas and Callaghan, 1999). According to Tureta et al. (2020), the control of free-living ectoparasite stages should be carried out on pasture using different methods such as pasture resting, plant extracts, biocontrol, and forages with repellent activity.
The infestation of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) (Canestrini, 1887) represents a significant health problem for cattle. Up until today, no consistent control has been recommended for the free-living larval stage of R. microplus. The objective of the present study was to determine the larvicidal effect of an Allium sativum (garlic) aqueous extract against R. microplus using the larval package test, LPT. Tick larvae were obtained from adult female ticks from naturally infected animals, and 200 larvae were exposed to each A. sativum extract concentration (5, 7, 10, 16, 25, and 50%). All garlic groups received the extract in three different volumes (2, 5, and 7 ml) to determine the levels of humidity that would affect the free-living stage. Larvae from the control group were treated with distilled water and the positive control used cypermethrin in a 5-ml volume. Live and dead larvae were determined after 24 h of exposure. There was a significant statistical difference (P = 0.041) at 5% between 2 and 5 ml and between 7 and 10% of the extract using 2 ml (P = 0.034). There was a significant larvicidal activity of 100% mortality for the 16, 25, and 50% concentrations for all volumes. We observed a clear concentration-dependent effect for the extracts with a correlation coefficient of R² > 0.92. The lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) was 13.6, 9.8, and 7.6% for the 2, 5, and 7 ml. The present A. sativum solutions may be considered a viable biofriendly alternative to reduce the number of the free-living larval stage of R. microplus on pasture and the consequent reduction of cattle infestation due to its high larval mortality.
Aphicidal effects of terpenoids present in Citrus limon on Macrosiphum roseiformis and two generalist insect predators
2017, Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
Citation Excerpt :
Literature suggests the insecticidal activity of different parts of Citrus plant against several insect pests viz. Stored grain pests Rhyzopertha domonica, Sitophilus oryzae (Tripathi et al., 2003) and Callosobruchus maculates (El-Sayed and Abdel-Razik, 1991), Tribolium castaneum, Trogoderma granarium (Zia et al., 2013), Zabrotes subfasciatus (Zewde and Jembere, 2010), house fly Musca domestica (Palacios et al., 2009), the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Karamaouna et al., 2013), pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni (Cetin et al., 2006), black carpet beetle Attagenus fasciatus, cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (Bakr et al., 2010) and mosquitoes (Akram et al., 2010; Effiom et al., 2012). Similar to our methods Thomas and Callaghan (1999) used aqueous peel extract of lemon C. limon, that suggested its toxicity and repellent effects against mosquitoes. In addition, Ezeonu et al. (2001), Mansour et al. (2004) and Akram et al. (2010) confirmed toxicity peel extracts of sweet orange C. sinensis, lime C. aurantifolia, rough lemon, C. jambhiri and lemon C. limon, against mosquito.
The current study is the first report that revealed insecticidal effects of lemon (Citrus limon) peel aqueous extract (LFPAE) against common insect pest of rose, aphids (Macrosiphum roseiformis) and for its influence on useful non-target predators viz., Coccinella septempunctata and Orius laevigatus on rose plants. Effects of LFPAE seemed promising concerning pest and predators of Rosa spp. The LC ESI Q-TOF MS/MS analysis of extract revealed the presence of (l-pipecolic acid, scopoletin, pulegone, γ-terpinene, carvone, menthone, myrcene, limonene, (−)-trans-isopiperitenol, geranial and linalool as active components that may be ascribed to observed effects. Also, some major terpenoids α-pinene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene, menthone, linalool, limonene which are known to be present in lemon were tested for their efficacy. LFPAE did not show any toxicity towards C. septempunctata. However, it was moderately toxic to O. laevigatus. Food choice assays and odor choice assay revealed that there was no significant difference obtained between the percentage of pests/predators that reached a particular choice (LFPAE treated, or untreated rose leaves). According to LC₅₀ values of LFPAE for aphids, the highest toxicity and least value (6.68 mg/ml), was obtained at 72 h which was almost similar to the lowest concentration tested (× 6 = 6.25 mg/ml). Besides at 24 and 48 h LC₅₀ values were somewhere around × 2 (100 mg/ml) and × 3 (50 mg/ml) concentrations. Among all the terpenoids tested at 24–72 h, γ-terpinene was most toxic with LC₅₀ value ranging from 0.18 to 0.004 mg/ml followed by menthone (0.8–0.008), β-pinene (5.8–0.004), limonene (5.8–0.009), mixture (8.5–0.003), linalool (12.3–0.13) and α-pinene (17.8–0.02), respectively. Field data showed that LFPAE at × 1 (200 mg/ml), × 2 and × 3 concentration was effective until nine days after treatment (DAT) and lowest concentration × 4 did not show affectivity beyond seven days. However, terpenoids mixture at × 1 (10 mg/ml each) showed affectivity till 11DAT and lower two concentrations (× 2 and × 3) caused significant mortality up to 7DAT.
Fumigation toxicity of allicin against three stored product pests
2013, Journal of Stored Products Research
Citation Excerpt :
Both of the estimated initial concentration C0 and the release constant k tended to increase with ventilation time after wheat fumigated in vessels with filling ratio of 50%. Extracts and oils from garlic (A. sativum) have already been marketed as pest control products (Ho et al., 1996; Thomas and Callaghan, 1999). Kimbaris et al. (2009) found that the compounds responsible for the larvicidal activity against the mosquito Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) of garlic essential oils are diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, the first being more active than the second.
The fumigant toxicity of allicin against the adults, larvae and pupae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) was investigated under laboratory conditions. Results showed that for 6 d exposure of adults of these three species to allicin, the LC₅₀ was 0.38, 0.51 and 0.51 μL/L of air, respectively, and the corresponding LC₉₉ values were 1.11, 8.40 and 2.18 μL/L of air, respectively. The LC₅₀ for larvae was 0.11, 0.12 and 0.36 μL/L of air after only 3 d exposure, respectively, indicating that the larvae were much more sensitive to allicin than adults. The pupal emergence of T. castaneum, O. surinamensis and C. ferrugineus was reduced to 85.6, 94.4 and 100%, respectively, after allicin treatment with a concentration of 5 μL/L of air. Trials using allicin in containers filled to 50% of capacity with wheat to imitate commercial conditions resulted in LC₉₉ values for 6 day exposure of 19.7, 32.1 and 26.9 μL/L of air for adults of the three species, respectively. Head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatograph (GC) analysis indicated that the concentration of allicin (615 μL/L) in the sealed fumigation vessels decreased to 6.21 μL/L of air after 1 d fumigation and 1.54 μL/L of air after 6 d of fumigation in sealed bottles, respectively. The concentration of allicin decreased quickly as aeration times increased, with less than 0.05 μL/L of air after 16 d aeration regardless of the fumigation time. These results suggest that allicin may be suitable as an active ingredient in a botanical fumigant.
Larvicidal activity of extracts from Artemisia species against Culex pipiens L. mosquito: Comparing endemic versus ubiquist species for effectiveness
2012, Comptes Rendus - Biologies
Citation Excerpt :
The combined ovicidal, larvicidal and growth regulating effects displayed by many phytochemicals can produce impressive results. For example, extracts of Allium sativa and Citrus limon [37], Alnus glutinosa [38], Anthemis nobilis [39] and, Cassia obtusifolia [40] have proven efficiency on Culex pipiens larvae lethality. In the present work, both ethanolic extracts of A. molinieri and A. campestris var glutinosa showed larvicidal activity against the mosquito C. pipiens.
The larvicidal activity of ethanolic leaf extracts from two Artemisia species, Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa and A. molinieri, on mosquito Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae was investigated. Since A. molinieri is a rare and protected species confined to temporary ponds of Southern France, its toxic activity may help to value this species and to finance its conservation. A. molinieri extracts showed a higher larvicidal activity (from 50 ppm (K = 9.488, DDL = 4, P < 0.001)) than those from A. campestris var glutinosa (from 500 ppm (K = 9.488, DDL = 4, P < 0.01)) after 48 h of exposure. Calculated lethal concentrations, after 48 h of exposure, (LC₅₀) were low, 9091 and 9898 ppm for A. molinieri and A. campestris var. glutinosa extracts, respectively, but using a non-pollutant solvent (ethanol). However, A. molinieri may be valued as an environmentally friendly biocide and developing its culture may be of interest for both pesticide activity and conservation purpose.
L’activité larvicide d’extraits éthanoliques provenant de deux espèces d’armoises, Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa et A. molinieri, sur les larves du moustique Culex pipiens L. (Diptère, Culicidés) a été étudiée. A. molinieri étant une espèce rare et protégée dont l’aire de distribution est restreinte à 2 mares temporaires dans le Sud de la France, son activité toxique peut aider à trouver des voies de valorisation de cette espèce et des sources de financement pour sa conservation. Les extraits issus d’A. molinieri présentaient une activité larvicide supérieure (à partir de 50 ppm [K = 9,488, DDL = 4, p < 0,001]) à celles des extraits d’A. campestris var glutinosa (à partir de 500 ppm [K = 9,488, DDL = 4, p < 0,01]) après 48 h d’exposition. Les concentrations létales calculées après 48 h, (LC₅₀) étaient faibles, allant de 9091 ppm pour les extraits d’A. molinieri à 9898 ppm pour ceux d’A. campestris var. glutinosa, mais en utilisant un solvant non toxique (l’éthanol). A. molinieri peut cependant faire l’objet d’une valorisation comme biocide favorable à l’environnement et sa culture peut être développée à des fins à la fois de production de biocides et de conservation.

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Chemosphere

Abstract

References (17)

Environmental persistance of diallyl disulphide, an insecticidal principle of garlic and its metabolism in mosquitoes

Chemosphere.

Action of esterase B1 on chlorpyrifos in organophosphate-resistant Culex mosquitoes

Pesticide Biochem Physiol

Glutathione S -Transferases of female A/J mouse lung and their induction by anticarcinogenic organosulfides from Garlic

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Protective effects of garlic and related organosulfate compounds on acetaminophen-induced hepatoxicity in mice

Toxicol Applied Pharmacol

Insecticide resistance:genes and mechansims

Effect of volatiles from neem and other natural products on gonotrophic cycle and oviposition of Anopheles stephensi and An. culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae)

J Med Entomo

Larvicidal potential of five Philippine plants against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health

Effect of plant extracts on post-embryonic development of Culex pipiens

J Advanced Zoology

Cited by (30)

Bioactivity of Allium sativum essential oil-based nano-emulsion against Planococcus citri and its predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Mosquito repellent fabric: Development and characterization of peppermint and garlic mixture finish on knitted fabric to examine mosquito repellency

Allium sativum extract against free-living larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus: a potential environmental biocontrol

Aphicidal effects of terpenoids present in Citrus limon on Macrosiphum roseiformis and two generalist insect predators

Fumigation toxicity of allicin against three stored product pests

Larvicidal activity of extracts from Artemisia species against Culex pipiens L. mosquito: Comparing endemic versus ubiquist species for effectiveness