Effects of Increased Consumption of Fluid Milk on Energy and Nutrient Intake, Body Weight, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Older Adults
Section snippets
Subjects and Methods
This multicenter, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at 6 medical centers: Creighton University, Omaha, Neb; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland; Mage-Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa; University of Alabama at Birmingham; University of California at Davis; and the US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Mass. The institutional review board at each center approved the protocol. All participants provided informed consent.
Results
Review of the daily milk logs showed that most participants in the milk group drank approximately 3 glasses of milk. For women, mean daily consumption was 2.90, 2.89, and 2.86 glasses at weeks 4, 8 and 12, respectively; in men, corresponding means were 3.14, 3.24, and 3.04.
Discussion
Subjects in this study were healthy, free-living, well-educated older adults who had relatively good nutrient intakes at baseline. Compared with average intakes for similarly aged individuals, study subjects had higher intakes of most nutrients, lower percentages of energy from fat, and higher intake of dietary fiber (1). Advice to add 3 glasses of fluid milk daily enhanced nutrient intakes, reduced the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy in women, and did not appear to have substantive adverse
Applications/Conclusions
■ The fluid milk intervention assessed in this study was well tolerated by participants, easily incorporated in the usual diet as reflected by good compliance, associated with substantial improvements in nutrient intake, and had no meaningful adverse effects. Accordingly, advice to add skim or 1% milk to the diet is a safe and effective means of improving nutrient intake in older adults. However, the small increases in body weight and serum triglyceride level suggest that individuals already at
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