Soybean Carbohydrates

doi:10.1016/B978-1-893997-64-6.50012-3

Soybeans

Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization

2008, Pages 269-296

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-893997-64-6.50012-3 Get rights and content

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Soybeans (SB) are used as food and feed ingredients for their protein content and protein composition. As a protein source, SB often is used in the form of Soybean Meal (SBM), which is the product of SB processing for Soybean Oil (SBO) extraction. Although carbohydrate content and carbohydrate composition of SB and SBM have received limited attention compared to their protein and fat constituents, carbohydrates make up a significant part of the SB seed. Typically, SB contains approximately 30–35% carbohydrates and in SBM, carbohydrate content may be as high as 40%. Carbohydrates are usually divided into two main groups based on their physicochemical properties in plant material. The first group, the non-structural carbohydrates, includes low molecular weight sugars, oligosaccharides, and storage polysaccharides. The second group comprises of the structural polysaccharides and includes dietary fiber components. Research pertaining to the composition and structure of SB carbohydrates is ongoing, but is not yet as mature as research on proteins and lipids. This chapter reviews the available literature on SB and SBM carbohydrates and discusses SB and SBM carbohydrates based on their functionality in the plant (non-structural or structural) and their value as feed or food ingredients.

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The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of the dietary soy galactooligosaccharides (GOS), raffinose and stachyose, on performance, gastrointestinal health, and systemic stress in young broilers. Birds were fed a GOS-devoid diet based on soy protein isolate (SPI) or the SPI diet with 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, or 3.6% added stachyose and raffinose in a ratio of 4:1 at the expense of corn starch. These 5 treatments were administered to 10 replicate cages of 8 birds. Performance was measured weekly and excreta moisture, N retention, apparent metabolizeable energy, and complete blood cell counts were determined at 14 and 21 d. At 21 d, 2 birds per cage were orally gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) and serum samples were analyzed for FITC-d as a marker of gut leakage. Additionally, intestinal morphology, crop presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, crop and cecal pH, and cecal microbiota via16S rRNA microbial sequencing were evaluated at 21 d. From 0 to 21 d, feed intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) as dietary GOS increased, whereas BWG increased (P < 0.05) quadratically. Feed conversion ratio increased (P < 0.01) linearly as GOS increased. There were linear increases (P < 0.05) in excreta moisture as dietary GOS increased at 14 and 21 d, as well as dose-dependent responses (P < 0.05) in N retention, AME, and AME_n. There was a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) in crop LAB recovery and a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ceca pH as GOS increased. At 14 d, a linear increase (P < 0.05) in blood heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was observed as dietary GOS increased. Serum concentrations of FITC-d increased quadratically (P < 0.01) to dietary GOS. Increasing levels of GOS influenced alpha and beta diversities and composition of gut microbiota, including the abundance of Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium. Results from this trial indicate that soy-derived GOS exert dose-dependent effects on nutrient utilization and intestinal health in young broilers.
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9 - Soybean Carbohydrates

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