Chapter Fifteen - Haslea ostrearia-like Diatoms: Biodiversity out of the Blue
Section snippets
Introduction: The Diatoms
This chapter deals with peculiar diatoms, the ones with blue apices, hereafter called blue diatoms. Given the topic of this volume, one might ask the question: are diatoms ‘sea plants’? At least for the ones living in seas and oceans, the answer to this trivial question is yes. Indeed, diatoms or Bacillariophyceae are microscopic algae, which possess main plant characters. Most of them are autotrophic organisms; they achieve oxygenic photosynthesis and have long been included among the
The Genus Haslea
The genus Haslea is one among many genera of pennate diatoms belonging to the family Naviculaceae. Simonsen (1974) created this genus by transferring to it several species formerly described in the genera Navicula, Amphipleura, Pleurosigma, Schizonema or Stauroneis. He did so after having observed significant common morphological features using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphologically, species from the genus Haslea are characterised by their pennate shapes. The raphe, longitudinal
Biology of Haslea ostrearia
Haslea ostrearia is a marine pennate diatom with a specific diagnostic character, the water-soluble blue-pigment marennine, visible at the cell apices (Figure 15.1). Marennine is synthesised and released in seawater during growth, its production stimulated by high light, long photoperiod, blue light and possibly nutrient limitation (Mouget, Rosa, Vachoux, & Tremblin, 2005; Neuville & Daste, 1978; Robert, Morançais, Pradier, Mouget, & Tremblin, 2002). H. ostrearia is a unicellular
Marennine, a Specific Blue Pigment
For decades, it has been known that marennine was the pigment produced by the single diatom species H. ostrearia, but its structure remains controversial. To obtain purified marennine is a prerequisite step before any characterisation could be achieved. Pouvreau, Morançais, Massé, et al. (2006) reviewed the different methods previously used to extract marennine (usually aqueous solvents), and to purify it, and presented a new protocol, which basically consists of an ultrafiltration and
Greening Oysters, Signature of Haslea ostrearia
Historically, H. ostrearia is intrinsically related to oysters as marennine is responsible for the greening of bivalves, whether it occurs in natural environments or in oyster ponds. The first mention of green oysters in the literature must be ascribed to Sprat (1667), who hypothesised how the combined action of sun and earth led to a green colouration of pond sediments in the Colchester area (England) before oysters turn green, thus postulating an abiotic origin. A major advance regarding a
Marennine Biological Function and Activities
Although occurring spontaneously in certain natural environments, it is doubtful whether greening bivalves is an issue per se for the diatom H. ostrearia. If some studies considered marennine as an autotoxine, or associated it with cell pathological states (Bachrach, 1935; Moreau, 1970; Neuville & Daste, 1978), the ‘metabolic cost of production’ of marennine in such quantity suggests it could play a significant ecological role, but its exact biological function remains unclear. As a pigment, a
Haslea ostrearia a Presumed Cosmopolitan Species
For decades, blue diatoms have been observed in almost all seas and oceans in northern and southern hemispheres, from temperate to tropical waters, and identified as H. ostrearia. According to the literature (Figure 15.3), H. ostrearia is common on the French Atlantic coast, especially in anthroposised environments (oyster ponds) encountered in the Bay of Marennes-Oléron and Bay of Bourgneuf, but also in the North Sea, in Great Britain (Hustedt & Aleem, 1951), Belgium (M’harzi et al., 1998),
Unexpected Biodiversity of Blue Diatoms
Despite a brief, controversial, and thus far uncorroborated hypothesis that marennine was produced by different species of diatoms during senescence (e.g. Bachrach, 1935; Bachrach & Jouvent, 1933; Bachrach & Simonet, 1936; Ranson, 1937), it was widely accepted that H. ostrearia was the only diatom species, worldwide in distribution, able to produce such blue pigment. However, recent discoveries have invalidated this dogma. In 2008, pennate diatoms with blue-grey apices were sampled from the
Into the Genomic Era
Molecular biology is the tool of choice for the study of blue diatoms, for instance those collected in the Kattegat strait (Sweden), which were compared to strains collected in the Bay of Bourgneuf and Bay of Marennes-Oléron (France). Strains derived from natural samples were identified as a population of H. ostrearia, using the multiple approach described above. Differences in a fragment of c. 720 pb of the cox1 marker allowed us to identify seven discriminating bases between the Swedish and
Evidence for Haslea ostrearia to be a Cosmopolitan Species
Molecular markers demonstrated that some of our strains isolated from geographically distant sites could belong to the same species, even if they were not genetically identical. Indeed, strains isolated from the Atlantic coast of France (Bourgneuf or Marennes-Oléron Bay), Sweden (Kattegat Bay), USA (Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay), and Australia (Coffin Bay) do differ genetically (see below), but they still interbreed and produce auxospores, thus revealing they represent a priori different
Conclusions
To identify new species, especially in diatoms, one should rely on the decisive combination of traditional morphological traits, molecular barcoding using several genes, and information retrieved from reproductive biology. However, it is often difficult to perform a congruent diagnosis or identification of a new strain, when only one clone is available. The present review illustrates how this difficulty can be overcome. Morphological differences in the density of striae, although small, were
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the EU through the FP7 program BIOVADIA. Partial support was also provided by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant awarded to IK.
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Submerged membrane photobioreactor for the cultivation of Haslea ostrearia and the continuous extraction of extracellular marennine
2022, Bioresource TechnologyCitation Excerpt :This biological activity has led to an increase in the market value of oysters by 20 to 30% for the French oyster industry (Falaise et al., 2019). This pigment could also be used for its antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor properties (Falaise et al., 2016; Gastineau et al., 2018, 2014a, 2012b; Hussein and Abdullah, 2020; Prasetiya et al., 2020b). So far H. ostrearia has been mainly cultivated in open culture systems of 200 L and 10 m3 or in photobioreactors (PBRs, less than7 L) (Gastineau et al., 2014b; Rossignol et al., 2000a; Turpin et al., 2001).
Semi-continuous system for benthic diatom cultivation and marennine production
2022, Algal ResearchCitation Excerpt :This group of microalgae has the ability to produce various products with high aggregated value such as pigments, exopolysaccharides, fatty acids, proteins and many other high-value compounds [1-6]. These valuable compounds can potentially be used for various applications such as pharmacology, cosmetology, food additives, biofuels and aquaculture [7-14]. However, each strain of diatom and type of product requires appropriate bioprocess design in order to increase the production of enriched biomass and molecules of interest to an industrial scale [15].
Indonesian coral reef habitats reveal exceptionally high species richness and biodiversity of diatom assemblages
2021, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceCitation Excerpt :The species principally inhabiting northern and southern temperate zones plus the subtropics and tropics belong to this group. Recently Gastineau et al. (2014), Li et al. (2018) and Kryk et al. (2020; but see also Dąbek et al., 2017, 2019) showed coral reefs inhabited by some globally distributed taxa and the identity of some of these taxa were confirmed with molecular markers. Included in this group are e.g.: Biremis lucens (Hustedt) K.Sabbe, A.Witkowski & W.Vyverman, Cocconeis scutellum, C. convexa Giffen, Catenula adhaerens (Mereschkowsky) Mereschkowsky, Melosira lineata (Dillwyn) Agardh, M. nummuloides Agardh, Nitzschia inconspicua, Psammodiscus nitidus (W.Gregory) Round & D.G.Mann, Delphineis surirella (Ehrenberg) G.W.Andrews, Plagiogramma minus (W.Gregory) Ch.Li, Ashworth & Witkowski, Plagiogrammopsis minima (Salah) K.Sabbe & Witkowski;
Biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacteria and microalgae for bioactive compounds
2019, Biotechnological Production of Bioactive CompoundsFirst insight on interactions between bacteria and the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia: Algal growth and metabolomic fingerprinting
2018, Algal ResearchCitation Excerpt :This microalga is a cosmopolitan diatom species commonly found on the French Atlantic coast, especially in oyster ponds of Marennes-Oléron Bay and Bourgneuf Bay. It became a subject of investigation since 1927 [22] due to its water-soluble, blue-green pigment, called marennine, which is responsible for the greening of oysters and because the conditions of its synthesis, as the result of a peculiar biological cycle (successively planktonic and benthic periods) as described by Robert et al. [23], was specific of this blue diatom (for more details, see the review of Gastineau et al. [24]). It is noteworthy that some other marennine applications have been reported in this overview: i) antibacterial, anticoagulant and antiviral activities; ii) antioxidant activity, and iii) antitumor and antiproliferative effects of the aqueous extract from H. ostrearia on solid tumors (lung and kidney carcinoma and melanoma cell line molecules) and whose photoprotective role of this pigment can act as complexing ligands leading to decreased bio-availability of metals [25–27].
Bacterial community structure of the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia
2016, Algal ResearchCitation Excerpt :Haslea ostrearia is a cosmopolitan species of diatoms commonly found on the French Atlantic coast, especially in oyster ponds of the Bay of Marennes-Oléron and Bay of Bourgneuf [1].