Parameterisations for energy transfers from a sparse vine crop

doi:10.1016/0168-1923(94)90097-3

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volume 71, Issues 1–2, October 1994, Pages 1-18

https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)90097-3 Get rights and content

Abstract

Parameterisations are presented for the energy budget of a sparse vine crop growing under semi-arid conditions in southern Spain. The measurements were made as part of the European Field Experiment in a Desertification-threatened Area (EFEDA) project which has as one of its main aims the development of regional scale land-atmosphere models appropriate to sparse crops and natural vegetation growing under these conditions. The results presented here should prove useful to this objective as well as providing information of more general interest for modelling sparse crops. All of the main components in the energy balance were recorded, including the sensible and latent heat fluxes which were measured using eddy correlation equipment. The measurements were made over the first 50 days of plant growth during which the plant area coverage increased from zero to about 30%. Over this period, 18 mm of rainfall was recorded and the maximum soil moisture content reached was about 5% in the 0–5cm surface layer. The measurements have been interpreted within the framework of the Shuttleworth—Wallace energy combination model. The roughness length increased from about 0.01 m to 0.04–0.06 m for the fully grown vines and peak daily bulk canopy conductances increased from about 0.5 mm s⁻¹ to 1.5 mm s⁻¹. Results are also presented for the influence of plant growth and variations in soil moisture on the overall available energy and the energy partition between the plants and bare soil. The models suggest that, of the total observed evaporation of 69 mm, approximately 45 mm could be attributed to plant transpiration with the remainder arising from the bare soil.

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Plant transpiration research is the foundation for improving the efficiency of agricultural water resource utilization and ensuring food production safety. It is an important content of agricultural production and water resource utilization research. However, spatial heterogeneities of leaf size and positions affect the estimation of transpiration. In this study, summer maize on the North China Plain was taken as the research object. Based on the measured data of the photosynthetic apparatus, morphogenesis and stem flow meter, the transpiration variation rule of summer maize leaves was analyzed, and the spatial distribution model of photosynthetically active radiation based on plant morphogenesis was constructed. Considering the spatial heterogeneities of leaf size and positions, the individual-plant scale transpiration model was upgraded. The reliability of transpiration model at individual plant scale was verified. The results showed that: i) the transpiration rate of leaves with different leaf positions, positive and negative leaves at the same leaf position and different parts of the same leaf were significantly different. ii) Based on the measured data, the structure of summer maize with spatial coordinates was obtained, and a calculation model for solar radiation reaching the top of the plants and a calculation model for photosynthetically active radiation reaching the surface of the leaves were constructed. Based on the different absorption, reflection, and transmission of radiation by summer maize leaves, the photosynthetically active radiation of each part of the leaves was characterized. iii) A plant transpiration model was constructed by combining the leaf panel transpiration model with the spatial distribution model of photosynthetically active radiation in summer maize plants, and, the determination coefficients between the simulated and the measured values of the individual plant scale transpiration rate were all above 0.95, the consistency index was close to 1.0, and the RMSE was in range of 12.41–16.64 g h⁻¹. The individual plant transpiration obtained after simulated accumulation could meet the simulation accuracy. The results achieved the scale improvement of the leaf transpiration to individual plant transpiration.
Effect of drip irrigation on wheat evapotranspiration, soil evaporation and transpiration in Northwest China
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Drip irrigation (DI) has been widely used for corn, potato, and soybean, among other crops, and its water-saving effect has been confirmed by numerous studies. However, how DI affects soil evaporation (E), crop transpiration (T) and total evapotranspiration (ET) of wheat in arid regions and how much it can reduce E, T and ET under sufficient irrigation remain uncertain.
Our study aimed to reveal the effect of DI on wheat ET by using contrast tests. ET and soil E were continuously measured in a wheat field with two treatments during 2017–2018 in Northwest China by Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) instruments and micro-lysimeters simultaneously. The two treatments were DI and border irrigation (BI), and the irrigation scheduling for DI and BI was based on the local irrigation scheduling in arid Northwest China. Numerous soil E data were missing for rain and irrigation. We used the classical Shuttleworth-Wallace model to estimate E/ET. By combining the model with the measured ET, we obtained the ET, E and T every day.
The results indicated that the total wheat ET, E and T under DI were 340, 50 and 290 mm in 2017 and 520, 99 and 421 mm in 2018, respectively. The ET, E and T under BI were 362, 57 and 305 mm in 2017 and 542, 99 and 443 mm in 2018, respectively. Compared to BI, DI reduced ET, E and T by 22, 3.5 and 18.5 mm on average, respectively. The ET under DI was decreased by 4 %–6 % during 2017–2018. The reduction in ET under DI was primarily caused by the reduction in crop T. These changes were due to DI significantly lowering the leaf area index by 24 % and shortening the crop growth duration by one week.
Our study revealed the effect of DI on wheat ET and provided new insight for understanding the effects of DI on field hydrological and crop growth processes.
Quantifying plant transpiration and canopy conductance using eddy flux data: An underlying water use efficiency method
2019, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
Citation Excerpt :
The Shuttleworth–Wallace model (SW, Shuttleworth and Wallace, 1985) is a two–source model developed from PM equation to estimate E and T separately. This model has been widely adopted for its simple and accurate consideration of hydrological processes, and relatively better performance than other ET models (Sene, 1994; Kato et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2008; Hu et al., 2013). However, the SW model cannot be used to partition ET and then estimate Gc by the inverted PM equation, because it is also derived from the PM equation and thus is circular.
Canopy conductance (G_c) largely regulates carbon/water cycling and land–atmosphere interactions, but quantifying G_c using eddy flux data is limited by the difficulty of partitioning plant transpiration (T) and surface evaporation (E). We introduced an underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) method to partition evapotranspiration (ET) in an oasis maize ecosystem, and cross–compared with the Shuttleworth and Wallace (SW) model, the lysimeter and isotope measurements. We then estimated surface conductance (G_s) by ET and G_c by T partitioned using the uWUE method, followed by a performance evaluation on the Jarvis model parameterized with both G_s and G_c. The results showed that T/ET estimated by the uWUE method was close to the isotope method in the peak growing season of 2012, it showed similar seasonal variations with the lysimeter/eddy covariance method and the SW model throughout this growing season. Daily T partitioned by the uWUE method was in good agreement with the SW model from 2012 to 2015 (r² = 0.91). Additionally, G_c had more significant seasonal variations than G_s. The Jarvis model parameterized with G_c exhibited superior performance than those with G_s. Our study suggests that the uWUE method can exclude influences of nonstomatal conductances, and will have great potential to provide more reasonable parameterization for simulation of plant stomata.
Canopy and soil thermal patterns to support water and heat stress management in vineyards
2019, Agricultural Water Management
Row crops such as grapevine are particularly vulnerable to heat stress under hot and dry conditions due to the combined effect of soil heat fluxes and of limited capacity for leaf/canopy evaporative cooling via transpiration. Therefore, a better understanding of grapevine responses to variations in air and soil temperature and of related heat fluxes are required in Mediterranean-type viticulture in order to optimize canopy and soil management practices, while saving irrigation water. Ground based thermography was used to monitor canopy (T_C) and soil (T_S) temperature patterns in a vineyard trained in a vertical shoot positioning trellis system. Measurements of heat exchanges in the vineyard were done along the day and throughout the season to predict vine’s water status and heat stress risks. Field trials were carried out in 2014 and 2015 in Alentejo winegrowing region (South Portugal) using two V. vinifera red varieties (Aragonez, syn. Tempranillo and Touriga Nacional) subjected to two deficit irrigation strategies. T_C and T_S measurements were complemented by punctual leaf and berry temperature measurements with thermocouples. Soil water content, leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange were also measured. T_C was above the optimal temperature for leaf photosynthesis during a large part of the day (11:00-17:00 h), particularly under stressful atmospheric conditions (high VPD and irradiance) combined with lower soil water availability. The highest T_C was measured at mid-late afternoon (17:00 h) indicating a delay relative to the highest T_air conditions. The basal part of the canopy (cluster zone) presented a temperature 1–2 °C higher than the upper part, whereas T_S was on average 10–15 °C higher than T_C. Variation in T_S was coupled to sun radiation and T_C correlated negatively with leaf water potential and stomatal conductance to water vapour. Our results suggest that T_C can be used as a simple indicator of grapevine performance and as a parameter to feed grapevine growth models to estimate heat and water fluxes in irrigated vineyards. T_S emerges as a thermal variable with potential use to manage heat and drought stress in vineyards.
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Improved monitoring of water and heat fluxes in the vineyard can help to support more efficient soil and crop management (e.g., irrigation). Row crops such as grapevines are more vulnerable to drought/heat stress due to increased exposition to radiative soil fluxes. Such soil effect can be particularly negative for canopy and cluster microclimates and conditions under Mediterranean dry and warm climate conditions. Our aim is to better understand diurnal and seasonal variation in water and heat fluxes in the vineyard and to assess how agronomic practices (e.g., irrigation, soil management) influence those fluxes in Mediterranean irrigated viticulture. We also address the use of thermography as a tool to assess vine's water status and visualize heat patterns/fluxes in a vineyard, to support canopy/soil management and feed models that can predict crop growth and irrigation needs.
Estimation of actual evapotranspiration over a rainfed vineyard using a 1-D water transfer model: A case study within a Mediterranean watershed
2017, Agricultural Water Management
Citation Excerpt :
Another way to estimate ET consists of using mechanistic models based on the resolution of mass and energy balances, along with in-situ measurements of ET drivers such as micrometeorological variables or soil moisture (e.g., Verstraeten et al., 2008; Kool et al., 2014b). Existing studies for irrigated and rainfed vineyards relied on the Penman-Monteith formalism and its extensions to dual and multiple source modeling (Sene, 1994; Ortega-Farias et al., 2007, 2010; Zhang et al., 2008), possibly including the coupling with a soil water balance to address the growth cycle (Montes et al., 2014). These studies reported good performances for the proposed approaches, but some of them underlined the restricted applicability to other conditions, mainly because of changes in soil hydrodynamic and canopy aerodynamic properties.
The current study aims to evaluate the capabilities of soil water balance modeling to estimate ET for very different conditions of rainfed grapevine water status, within a vineyard landscape that depicts heterogeneities in canopy, soil and water table conditions. We calibrated the HYDRUS-1D model against measurements of the soil moisture profile within seven contrasted sites, we validated HYDRUS-1D simulations against ET estimates derived from eddy covariance (EC) measurements within two contrasted sites, and we analyzed the temporal dynamics of the HYDRUS-1D ET simulations throughout almost two growth cycles for the seven sites. The calibration of HYDRUS-1D was correctly achieved, with a relative RMSE of 20% on average. Validation of HYDRUS-1D simulations against EC measurements was satisfactory, with RMSE values of about 40 W m⁻² at the hourly timescale and 0.5 mm d⁻¹ at the daily timescale. HYDRUS-1D was able to provide consistent time series of ET within the seven contrasted sites and throughout the two growth cycles. We conclude that HYDRUS-1D simulations can be used as an alternative to EC measurements within rainfed vineyards, to alleviate experimental efforts for device cost and maintenance. Further, HYDRUS-1D simulations can be used for characterizing spatial variabilities and temporal dynamics, assessing impact of pedological conditions and land use on ET, or validating remote sensing retrievals over regional extents.

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Research paperParameterisations for energy transfers from a sparse vine crop

Abstract

Agric. Meteorol.

Agric. For. Meteorol.

Agric. For. Meteorol.

Agric. For. Meteorol.

Agric. For. Meteorol.

Agric. For. Meteorol.

EFEDA: European Field Experiment in a Desertification-threatened Area

Ann. Geophys.

A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces

Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.

Stomatal response to alterations of soil and air humidity in grapevines

Vitis

A review of flux-profile relationships

Boundary Layer Meteorol.

Research paper
Parameterisations for energy transfers from a sparse vine crop