Energy and water balances of developing vines

doi:10.1016/0168-1923(92)90048-9

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volume 61, Issues 3–4, October 1992, Pages 167-185

https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90048-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

Measurements of crop radiation balance, soil temperatures, heat fluxes and moisture, sensible and latent heat fluxes, meteorological conditions and plant growth were made for a mature vine stand in central Spain. Data were collected for a continuous mainly hot and sunny 50 day period from first shoot appearance to extensive canopy cover, during the summer of 1991, as part of an extensive desertification study in the area. Results are presented to illustrate both the diurnal and longer term variations of the components, and comparisons are made with similar measurements for a nearby arable site.

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Cited by (64)

Water consumption, crop coefficient and leaf area relations of a Vitis vinifera cv. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyard
2019, Agricultural Water Management
Citation Excerpt :
Kc has two components – Ke, soil evaporation, and Kcb, plant transpiration, i.e. Kc = Ke + Kcb (Allen et al., 2006). Grapevine ETc has been measured and estimated with different techniques such as microclimatological methods (Carrasco-Benavides et al., 2012; Oliver and Sene, 1992; Yunusa et al., 2004), soil moisture (Van Zyl and Van Huyssteen, 1980; Prior and Grieve, 1987), sap flow sensors (Dragoni et al., 2006; Intrigliolo et al., 2009; Trambouze and Voltz, 2001; Yunusa et al., 1997) and remote sensing (Carrasco-Benavides et al., 2012; Consoli et al., 2006; Lopes et al., 2010; Rozenstein et al., 2018; Vanino et al., 2015). Another technique is lysimetry, which is considered the standard technique for measuring ETc (Hatfild 1990, Howell et al., 1995, Prueger 1997).
Most cultivated vineyards worldwide are located in semi-arid and arid regions with a limited water supply. Skilled vineyard water management is considered the main tool for controlling vegetative growth and grape quality and for ensuring vineyard sustainability. Imposing an appropriate drought stress at a suitable phenological stage can improve wine quality with almost no yield reduction. A comprehensive irrigation model enabling precise vineyard irrigation should be based on changes in vine water consumption as a function of climate conditions and canopy area.
In 2011, six drainage lysimeters were constructed within a commercial 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyard located in the central mountains of Israel. Data were collected during six successive years from 2012 – 2017. The daily vine water consumption, ET_c (L day⁻¹), was calculated by subtracting the amount of collected drainage (over a 24 h period) from the amount of applied irrigation during the same time period.
Seasonal water consumption (ET_c) was 715 mm season⁻¹ on average, while seasonal calculated reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) was 1237 mm season⁻¹ on average. Maximal crop coefficient (K_c) was 0.8 – 0.9, meaning that actual water consumption was lower than the calculated reference evapotranspiration. Maximal leaf area index (LAI) was 0.9 to 1.7 m² m^-2. The multi-seasonal linear correlation between LAI and K_c was strongly positive and significant.
The robust multiyear relationship between LAI & K_c proves that measuring canopy area of wine grapevines is a reliable approach for estimating their K_c. The LAI to K_c relationship that we have established can be used as a basis for developing a comprehensive irrigation model for wine grapevines that integrates both climatic conditions and canopy area.
Transpiration and evaporation of grapevine, two components related to irrigation strategy
2016, Agricultural Water Management
Citation Excerpt :
López-Urrea et al. (2012b) conducted one of the few studies that used a weighing lysimeter, from which the present work was developed. Additionally, some efforts have been made to estimate E and transpiration (T) separately, e.g., T has been estimated using micrometeorological methods (Oliver and Sene, 1992; Yunusa et al., 2004), or using satellite images and deriving T from vegetation indices (Campos et al., 2010) and measuring directly on the crop, using sap flow sensors (Trambouze and Voltz, 2001; Intrigliolo et al., 2009), among others. Different results have been found mainly because the crop is trained on a vertical shoot positioned system, which varies the fractional canopy cover (fc) from 20% to 80% (Heilman et al., 1994; Williams and Ayars, 2005; López-Urrea et al., 2012b).
The quantification of evaporation is crucial for the appropriate use of water, especially in arid areas where rainfall is scarce. An experiment was carried out in a semiarid area of Spain (Albacete) with the objective of quantifying the evaporation and transpiration of grapevine cv. Tempranillo and the effects of irrigation frequency on the evaporation. Measurements of transpiration and crop evapotranspiration of grapevine cv. Tempranillo without soil water limitations were conducted in a weighing lysimeter covered with a waterproof canvas during different periods from 2011 to 2014. The transpiration rates measured on the days after irrigation were higher than those measured when irrigation was not applied or when there were no precipitation events. Evaporation, calculated as the difference between the days on which the lysimeter surface was covered or not covered, ranged from 81% of evapotranspiration in the first phenological stages to 30% close to the time of full canopy cover. Under similar canopy cover and reference evapotranspiration, transpiration measured on the days when irrigation was applied was greater than transpiration measured on the days when the vines were not irrigated. Different irrigation strategies were applied to determine the effect of the quantity of water applied on the evaporation, and the results showed that the greater the amount of irrigation applied, the higher the efficiency, when the irrigation frequency is reduced; in fact, three times more water was applied during each irrigation event and the evaporation percentage was 7% lower. Therefore, a high irrigation frequency should be questioned in semiarid areas.
Effect of height and time lag on the estimation of sensible heat flux over a drip-irrigated vineyard using the surface renewal (SR) method across distinct phenological stages
2014, Agricultural Water Management
Citation Excerpt :
In the second season b and r2 were 0.87 and 0.91, respectively (Fig. 4b). These results are in agreement with previous applications of the EC system in sparse canopies such as vineyards and orchards (e.g. Oliver and Sene, 1992; Laubach and Teichmann, 1999; Kordova-Biezuner et al., 2000; Testi et al., 2004). In vineyards, similar results of energy balance closure were found by Spano et al. (2004), who presented a b = 0.84 and r2 = 0.82 for a drip-irrigated Sangiovese vineyard with fractional cover of 40%.
For drip-irrigated vineyards, sensible heat flux (H) is a key parameter to estimate water requirements, when actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) is computed as a residual from the surface energy balance. In this regard, a field experiment was carried out to study the effect of measurement height (z) and time lag (r) on the estimation of H over a drip-irrigated vineyard using classical formulation of surface renewal (SR) method. For vineyards, previous studies have indicated that the calibration factor (α) and the accuracy of the SR method depend on z, however the combined effect of z and r on the estimation of H has not been studied in detail for key phenological stages. In this study 12 combinations of 4 time lags (r₁ = 0.2 s, r₂ = 0.5 s, r₃ = 0.7 s and r₄ = 1.0 s) and 3 measurement heights (z₁ = 0.5, z₂ = 1.0 and z₃ = 1.5 m above canopy) of high-frequency air temperature were evaluated to estimate H using the SR method (H_SR) across distinct phenological stages. A three-dimensional sonic anemometer (CSAT3) was used to measure sensible heat (H_EC) over the vineyard. Results indicated that the regression analysis between H_SR and H_EC was highly significant with determination coefficients (r²) between 0.70 and 0.93. Also, α values registered in this study varied from 0.67 to 1.01 for the different combinations and phenological periods. Calibrated H_SR computed using z₁ and r₃ gave the best estimates of H_EC in the validation period, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 52.2 W m⁻² and mean absolute error (MAE) of 35.2 W m⁻² for all dataset analysis.
Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients from lysimeter measurements of mature 'Tempranillo' wine grapes
2012, Agricultural Water Management
Citation Excerpt :
Thereby, the ETc is calculated as: ETc = (Kcb + Ke) × ETo. Grapevine water use has been quantified with different techniques such as micrometeorological methods (Oliver and Sene, 1992; Yunusa et al., 2004) and sap flow sensors (Trambouze and Voltz, 2001; Dragoni et al., 2006; Intrigliolo et al., 2009). In a recent paper, Campos et al. (2010) obtained a basal crop coefficient (Kcb) for irrigated grapes derived from vegetation indices (VI), which were obtained from satellite images.
Vineyard irrigation management based on knowledge of the crop water requirements, is critical in the semi-arid zones for improving fruit quality and production stability as prerequisites for obtaining wines of high quality. The aim of this study was to quantify the water use of a mature Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo vineyard grown for wine production without soil water limitations during three growing seasons (2007–2009). The experimental work was carried out in the lysimeter facilities located in Albacete (Central Spain). In 1999, a weighing lysimeter with an overall resolution of 250 g was installed in the center of a vineyard (100 m × 100 m). A monolith of undisturbed soil was placed inside the lysimeter tank, which was 3 m × 3 m and 1.7 m deep. Two vines under drip irrigation were planted in the lysimeter, each one occupying 4.5 m², the same area as the vines in the rest of the plot. To schedule irrigation, ET_c values were calculated from daily mass loss minus drainage loss, and water was applied to replace the loss, thus, maintaining non-limiting soil water conditions. Seasonal grapevine evapotranspiration (ET) measured in the lysimeter was 550 mm in 2007, 377 mm in 2008 and 505 mm in 2009. The lower ET_c values in 2008 were directly related to a smaller canopy in that year caused by a late frost. In the three study years, maximum average K_c values reached values of approximately 0.75, 0.60 and 0.70, respectively from veraison to harvest and were related to maximum canopy cover values of 45, 33 and 40 percent, respectively. The dual crop coefficient approach was used to separate crop transpiration (K_cb) from soil evaporation (K_e). As canopy increased, K_cb values increased and K_e values decreased from veraison to harvest stage. Linear relationships were found between the lysimeter K_cb and the canopy cover (CC) for the three seasons, and a single relationship that related K_cb to growing degree-days (GDD) was established (K_cb = 0.0004 × GDD + 0.093; R² = 0.97) allowing extrapolation of our results to other areas.
Comparison of two temperature differencing methods to estimate daily evapotranspiration over a Mediterranean vineyard watershed from ASTER data
2011, Remote Sensing of Environment
Citation Excerpt :
The estimation of vineyard ET has been investigated in several studies over the last two decades. The field scale has often been considered, by implementing soil water balance models (Lebon et al., 2003; Pellegrino et al., 2006), by estimating latent heat flux (LE) from micrometeorological measurements (Heilman et al., 1994; Li et al., 2008; Li et al., 2009; Oliver & Sene, 1992; Ortega-Farias et al., 2007; Sene, 1994; Trambouze et al., 1998) or by estimating LE as the energy balance residual (Giordani et al., 1996; Spano et al., 2000). Meanwhile, the use of remote sensing to address larger scales was confined to the monitoring of vine physiological conditions, by using chlorophyll fluorescence indexes or changes in canopy reflectance (Flexas et al., 2000; Montero et al., 1999; Moya et al., 2004; Zarco-Tejada et al., 2005).
Daily evapo-transpiration (ET) was mapped at the regional extent over a Mediterranean vineyard watershed, by using ASTER imagery along with two temperature differencing methods: the Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index (S-SEBI) and the Water Deficit Index (WDI). Validation of remotely sensed estimates was conducted during almost two growth cycles (August 2007–October 2008) over seven sites that differed in soil properties, water status and canopy structure. S-SEBI and WDI were also intercompared at the watershed extent by considering ASTER imagery collected between 2002 and 2008. In order to alleviate the experimental efforts devoted to the validation exercise, ground truthing relied on in situ estimates from the HYDRUS-1D model that simulates water transfers within the vadose zone after calibration against measured soil moisture profiles. For two of the seven validation sites, the consistency of the HYDRUS-1D simulations was beforehand controlled against direct measurements with eddy covariance devices. Thus, it was shown the HYDRUS-1D simulations could be used as ground truthing.
Despite the use of simple differencing methods over a complex row-structured landscape, the obtained accuracies (0.8 mm.d^− 1 for S-SEBI and 1.1 mm.d^− 1 for WDI) were similar to those reported in the literature for simpler canopies, and fulfilled requirements for further applications in agronomy and hydrology. WDI performed worse than S-SEBI, in spite of more determinism within the derivation of evaporative extremes used for temperature differencing. This raised the question of compromising between process description and measurement availability. Analyzing validation results suggested that among the possible factors that could affect model performance (spatial variability, soil type and color, row orientation), the first-order influence was row orientation, a property that can be characterized from very high spatial resolution remote sensing data. Finally, intercomparing S-SEBI and WDI at the watershed extent showed estimates from both models agreed within 1 mm.d^− 1, a difference similar to the model accuracies as estimated by the validation exercise. Then, time averaged maps suggested the existence of spatial patterns at the watershed extent, which may be ascribed to combined effects from soil type, soil depth and watertable level.
Assessing satellite-based basal crop coefficients for irrigated grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)
2010, Agricultural Water Management
A combined methodology of basal crop coefficient (K_cb) derived from vegetation indices (VI) obtained from satellite images and a daily soil water balance in the root zone of the crop was proposed to accurately estimate the daily grape crop coefficient and actual evapotranspiration. The modeled values were compared with field measurements of crop evapotranspiration (ET) using an energy balance eddy-covariance flux tower and adjusted for closure using the measured Bowen ratio. A linear relation between K_cb and VI for vineyard was obtained, K_cb = 1.44 × NDVI-0.10 and K_cb = 1.79 × SAVI-0.08. The correlation of the measured crop coefficient (K_c) and modeled (K_crf) exhibits a linear tendency, K_c = 0.96K_crf, r² = 0.67. Other derived parameters such as weekly K_c and daily and weekly ET show good consistency with measurements and higher coefficients of determination. The study of the soil water balance suggests the importance of soil water storage in grapes within the La Mancha region. These results validate the use of remote sensing as a tool for the estimation of evapotranspiration of irrigated wine grapes planted on trellis systems.

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Research paperEnergy and water balances of developing vines

Abstract

J. Hydrol.

Agric. Meteorol.

Agric. Meteorol.

Agric. Meteorol.

Agric. Meteorol.

Agric. Meteorol.

EFEDA: European Field Experiment in a Desertification-threatened Area

Ann. Geophys.

Research paper
Energy and water balances of developing vines