Cell
ArticleComplete structure of A/duck/Ukraine/63 influenza hemagglutinin gene: Animal virus as progenitor of human H3 Hong Kong 1968 influenza hemagglutinin
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Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of influenza A nonstructural (NS) gene
2014, Infection, Genetics and EvolutionCitation Excerpt :The human H2N2 virus, emerging in 1957, was a genetic reassortant between previously circulating human H1N1 virus dating from 1918 and avian viruses, with the novel H2, N2 and PB1 genes derived from Eurasian avian viruses (Kilbourne, 2006). The influenza A virus of the H3N2 subtype circulating in the human population since 1968 was also caused by reassortment between previously present human H2N2 virus and avian virus (H3, PB1) (Fang et al., 1981; Kawaoka et al., 1989). The substitution rate of the NS gene in human lineage (I) is close to what has been reported previously (Jenkins et al., 2002).
Inactivated influenza vaccines
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2012, GenomicsCitation Excerpt :In the past century, influenza viruses had caused several major pandemics, namely the 1918 Spanish pandemic (H1N1), the 1957 Asian pandemic (H2N2) and the 1968 Hong Kong pandemic (H3N2) [4]. These pandemic viruses obtained novel HA, NA and PB1 gene segments either through direct animal (poultry)-to-human transmission or through mixing of human influenza A and animal influenza A virus genes to create a new human influenza A subtype virus under a process called genetic reassortment, resulting in antigenic shift, phenotypic change and spread among human populations without prior immunity [5–7]. In facing such challenges and needs against the changing components of influenza vaccine, one possible approach of developing a universal influenza vaccine is to design a vaccine using the conserved immunogenic regions in the viral proteins to protect human population against influenza viruses.
H4N8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from shorebirds contains a unique PB1 gene and causes severe respiratory disease in mice
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Present address: Virus Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.