A study of the biological activity of toxic material derived from nematocysts of the cubomedusan Chironex fleckeri
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Cited by (77)
An in vitro comparison of venom recovery methods and results on the box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri
2020, ToxiconCitation Excerpt :While effective in adequate volume recovery, the possibility of sample contamination from the amniotic membrane (Endean et al., 1969) prompted initiatives to develop mechanical disruption techniques (Carrette and Seymour, 2004). Subsequent methods of venom extraction included the use of mortar and pestle grinding in ice and filtered seawater (Endean et al., 1969; Endean and Rifkin, 1983), the use of an electrical microgrinder (Endean et al., 1969; Endean and Noble, 1971), tentacle homogenization followed by centrifugation at low temperatures (Turner and Freeman, 1969) and sonication using high sound frequencies to rupture nematocysts (Mustafa et al., 1995; Bloom et al., 1998). Challenges associated with these methods included poor volume recovery and low yields of the toxic venom proteins (Endean and Noble, 1971; Othman and Burnett, 1990), in addition to venom extracts contaminated with extraneous proteins and toxins derived from tentacles, rather than pure nematocyst content (Endean and Noble, 1971; Ramasamy et al., 2005).
The pathology of Chironex fleckeri venom and known biological mechanisms
2020, Toxicon: XCitation Excerpt :Chironex fleckeri is a large box jellyfish commonly found in Australia waters, and suspected through out the Indo Pacific region (Fenner and Williamson, 1996; Gershwin et al., 2010; Lippmann et al., 2011; Tibballs, 2006).
A pharmacological investigation of the venom extract of the Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, in cardiac and vascular tissues
2012, Toxicology LettersCitation Excerpt :By 1969 these findings were extended to show that the venom actions were due to separate protein fractions (Baxter and Marr, 1969). Thereafter, research focused on better defining the features of that cardiovascular toxicity, the chemical nature of the toxins and developing treatment options (Barnes, 1966, 1967; Baxter and Marr, 1969; Endean et al., 1969, 1993; Freeman and Turner, 1969). It was quickly established that the venom caused a biphasic change in blood pressure consisting of an initial hypertensive phase followed by potentially lethal hypotension (Freeman, 1974; Freeman and Turner, 1969, 1972).
In vivo effects of cnidarian toxins and venoms
2009, ToxiconCitation Excerpt :Sublethal doses were neurotoxic in crabs. Experiments with mice and rats showed that i.v. application of the venom caused a rapid cessation of respiration followed by cardiac arrest (Endean et al., 1969; Freeman and Turner, 1969), which was similar to its lethal effects on humans. It seems that in addition to the lethal component there may also be other components present in the venom that are responsible for its neurotoxic, haemolytic/cytolytic, myotoxic, and dermatonecrotic activities.