A flow cytometric assay for measuring complement receptor 1 (CR1) and the complement fragments C3d and C4d on erythrocytes
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2022, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Subsequently, the role of many membrane components of erythrocytes in evading macrophage surveillance and complement attack was unravelled. For instance, the outer membrane of erythrocytes express decay-accelerating factors (DAF, CD55) [105] and CD59 and complement receptor 1 (CR1) [106], which protect erythrocytes against complement attack and fixation through complex mechanisms. CR1 and DAF regulate the early stage of complement cascade by inhibiting C3 convertases, whereas CD59 inhibits the assembly of the membrane attack complex.
Red blood cells: The metamorphosis of a neglected carrier into the natural mothership for artificial nanocarriers
2021, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsCitation Excerpt :In fact, the spleen has evolved to sequester RBCs that have become more rigid as part of its natural function in clearing senescent and damaged RBCs [39,40]. Second, many membrane components of the RBC protect them from opsonization and lysis by complement, including decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) [41–43], CD59 [44,45], and Complement Receptor 1 (CR1, CD35) [46], blockade from recognition by host defense via terminal sialic acids of the glycocalyx [47–49], and specific ligands inhibiting uptake by phagocytes, such as CD47 [50–52]. Loss of any or all of these factors protect RBCs as a result of pathologies or normal cellular aging/senescence will accelerate RBC clearance, largely by red pulp macrophages in the spleen.
Acquired decrease of the C3b/C4b receptor (CR1, CD35) and increased C4d deposits on erythrocytes from ICU COVID-19 patients
2021, ImmunobiologyCitation Excerpt :This phenomenon of a system running at idle is described by the term “tick over” (Atkinson et al., 1988; Lachmann and Halbwachs, 1975; Lachmann, 2019). The detection of E C4d has been performed by flow cytometry in healthy subjects in a reproducible manner since the early 1990s (Freysdottir and Sigfusson, 1991). Covalent C4d deposits on E are present at low levels in normal individuals.
Validation of a multi-analyte panel with cell-bound complement activation products for systemic lupus erythematosus
2017, Journal of Immunological MethodsCitation Excerpt :Immune complexes-mediated activation of the classical complement system is a hallmark of SLE (Sturfelt and Truedsson, 2012; Atkinson and Yu, 2010; Wener, 2010). More than a decade of basic and translational research has established that cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs) and, in particular, C4d bound to erythrocytes (EC4d) and B-lymphocytes (BC4d), are valuable biomarkers of complement activation (Freysdottir and Sigfusson, 1991; Manzi et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009; Kao et al., 2010). CB-CAPs have higher sensitivity for SLE diagnosis than serum complement levels while maintaining high specificity (Yang et al., 2009).
An enzyme based assay for the measurement of complement mediated binding of immune complexes to red blood cells
1998, Journal of Immunological MethodsAn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for complement regulatory proteins and membrane-bound immunoglobulins on intact red blood cells
1994, Journal of Immunological Methods