Role of Circadian Rhythms in Potassium Homeostasis
Section snippets
Reactive and Predictive Homeostasis
Homeostatic control of potassium excretion was attributed to a reactive system for many years, that is, a system that reacts to the magnitude of potassium intake by regulating the magnitude of excretion.2 A negative feedback system with two kaliuretic components, the plasma concentrations of potassium and aldosterone, was considered to be a unique and sufficient mechanism for the homeostatic regulation of potassium excretion. According to this paradigm, oral intake of potassium, when absorbed,
Regulation of the Peripheral Kidney Clock
Some mechanism of transmitting CNS clock activity to the oscillators in renal tubule cells must exist or the two would have independent oscillation patterns. Two possible pathways, neural and humoral, exist. Mills1 noted the likelihood of a humoral pathway on the basis of circadian rhythmic excretion in a transplanted human kidney. More recently, Guo et al12 provided direct evidence for a humoral pathway in rats using parabiosis studies, but the humoral substance or substances that carry the
Insights From Animal Models
Examination of how the circadian clock regulates renal potassium transporters is still in its infancy. Studies in rodents have shown that several potassium transporters in the SCN appear to be under circadian control. The voltage gated K,3.1 and K,3.2 potassium channels and the Na, K-ATPase were shown to function in the circadian regulation of SCN neuron spontaneous firing rates. Calcium-activated potassium channels have a role in the circadian regulation of spontaneous SCN neuron firing rates
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Megan Greenlee for critical review of the manuscript and Jacob Richards for technical assistance.
References (52)
Aldosterone and potassium homeostasis
Kidney Int
(1996)- et al.
A brief history of circadian time
Trends Genet
(2000) - et al.
Regulation of alphaenac expression by the circadian clock protein period 1 in mpkccd(c14) cells
Biochim Biophys Acta
(2010) - et al.
Developmentally regulated expression of the murine ortholog of the potassium channel kir4.2 (kcnj15)
Mech Dev
(2000) - et al.
A blood plasma inhibitor is responsible for circadian changes in rat renal Na,K-ATPase activity
Int J Biochem Cell Biol
(2004) - et al.
Role of the renal circadian timing system in maintaining water and electrolytes homeostasis
Mol Cell Endocrinol
(2012) - et al.
Circadian regulation of renal function
Kidney Int
(2010) Human circadian rhythms
Physiol Rev
(1966)- et al.
Recent advances in understanding integrative control of potassium homeostasis
Annu Rev Physiol
(2009) Active proton secretion and potassium absorption in the rabbit outer medullary collecting duct. Functional evidence for proton-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase
J Clin Invest
(1989)
Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia
Ann Intern Med
Hepatoportal bumetanide-sensitive K(+)-sensor mechanism controls urinary K(+) excretion
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
Evidence for gut factor in K+ homeostasis
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
Physiology of the circadian timing system: predictive versus reactive homeostasis
Am J Physiol
The circadian clock modulates renal sodium handling
J Am Soc Nephrol
Rhythmic fluctuations in the urine composition of sheep: separation of feed-dependent from other rhythms
Pflugers Arch
Circadian variation of intercompartmental potassium fluxes in man
J Appl Physiol
Differential control of peripheral circadian rhythms by suprachiasmatic-dependent neural signals
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Amiloride effect on diurnal cyclic Na and K excretion in rats
Am J Physiol
Diurnal potassium excretory cycles in the rat
Am J Physiol
Resynchronization patterns for urinary rhythms in rats after light-dark shifts
Am J Physiol
Kaliuretic regulatory factors in the rat
Am J Physiol
Circadian rhythms of food and 1% Nacl intake, urine and electrolyte excretion, plasma renin activity and insulin concentration in adrenalectomized rats
Acta Physiol Hung
Circadian urinary excretion rhythms in adrenalectomized rats
Am J Physiol
Cortisol-mediated synchrinization of circadian rhythm in urinary potassium excretion
Am J Physiol
Circadian variation in response to potassium infusion
Clin Pharmacol Ther
Cited by (40)
KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
2024, Kidney InternationalPotassium homeostasis and management of dyskalemia in kidney diseases: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference
2020, Kidney InternationalCitation Excerpt :In contrast, when plasma aldosterone secretion is mediated by rises in plasma potassium concentration, it plays a critical role in defending against hyperkalemia through renal and extrarenal effects.9 Recent work has described circadian rhythms13–16 and sexual dimorphism17–19 (summarized in Palmer and Clegg6) affecting tubular handling and an aldosterone-sensitive colonic BK channel20–28; whether these findings will lead to better opportunities for individualization of care or possible novel drug targets is not yet defined. Gitelman syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 helped identify a previously unrecognized role for the distal convoluted tubule in modulating renal potassium excretion.
Regulation of potassium homeostasis
2018, Encyclopedia of Endocrine DiseasesPotassium homeostasis in health and disease: A scientific workshop cosponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Hypertension
2017, Journal of the American Society of HypertensionCitation Excerpt :This mechanism initiates the potassium secretory response without the need for changes in mineralocorticoid activity or change in serum potassium concentrations. There is a circadian rhythm in the pattern of potassium secretion, lower at night and early morning hours and then increased in the afternoon.48 Gene transcripts encoding proteins involving potassium secretion also exhibit a circadian rhythm.49
Potassium Homeostasis in Health and Disease: A Scientific Workshop Cosponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Hypertension
2017, American Journal of Kidney DiseasesCitation Excerpt :This mechanism initiates the potassium secretory response without the need for changes in mineralocorticoid activity or change in serum potassium concentrations. There is a circadian rhythm in the pattern of potassium secretion, lower at night and early morning hours and then increased in the afternoon.48 Gene transcripts encoding proteins involving potassium secretion also exhibit a circadian rhythm.49
The Impact of Serum Potassium Ion Variability on 28-Day Mortality in ICU Patients
2024, Research Square
Financial support: Supported by DK085193 and the University of Florida Department of Medicine funds (M.L.G.).
Conflict of interest statement: none.