Alimentary TractIntestinal permeability in patients with adverse reactions to food
Introduction
Intestinal permeability (I.P.) is the mucosal capacity to allow the passage of molecules from the intestinal lumen to the blood stream. Recent laboratory techniques enable to evaluate the I.P. through urinary detection of sugars probes, administrated in couples that passively cross the intestinal epithelium. Recent studies suggest the use of Lactulose (La) and Mannitol (Ma) as probes; indeed these sugars cross the mucosal epithelium, are recovered in the urine and the ratio of their clearance is used as I.P. assessment [1], [2]. Recently, it has demonstrated that the use of a highly dedicated chromatographic device permits to measure appropriately the presence of La and Ma in the urine, providing a good methodology to explore the I.P. in normal and pathological conditions [3]. Thanking to the availability of these technologies, many studies have been performed to determine the I.P. in diseases that involve the gastrointestinal tract, in which the gut integrity is altered, such as Crohn's disease [4], [5] and coeliac disease [6], [7]. In addition, our previous data on newborns [8] and researches on animal models [9], [10], [11] have demonstrated that, during the first months of life, when the intestinal mucosa is still immature, there is an incomplete gut integrity that allows the passage of large molecules to blood. Such passage of macromolecules in this phase of life could impair the early mechanisms involved in the physiological establishment of the oral tolerance, predisposing to food sensitisation.
Adverse reactions to food are divided into IgE-mediated (food allergy, FA) and non-IgE-mediated (food hypersensitivity, FH) reactions. FA is correlated to the production of food specific IgE antibodies. These antibodies, binding to high affinity FcɛRI receptors on mast cells and basophiles, cause histamine release and correlated allergic symptoms. Also in FH, which in some cases clinically mimic the IgE-dependent syndromes, the histamine release occurs, even thought it is not dependent on IgE binding to specific receptors on mast cells [12].
In literature, many works on I.P. in FA patients are available. In a paper, focusing on I.P. evaluation in subjects with IgE-mediated reactions [13], the authors have shown an increased I.P., compared to healthy controls, when the patients were on allergen-free diet, that augments more after food allergens ingestion. In the same patients the contemporary administration of sodium chromoglycate prevented such increase. On the contrary, very few and disaccording data in FH patients can be found [14], [15], [16].
The lack of defined data on the I.P. in patients with FH and the absence, to our knowledge, of studies that compare the seriousness of clinical symptoms referred by the patients on a free diet with the I.P. levels, prompted us to perform the present study.
Section snippets
Subjects
In this study we included 41 patients with adverse food reaction. Pregnant women and patients with gastrointestinal, immunologic, metabolic and/or neoplastic diseases were excluded from the protocol. As controls, 41 healthy volunteers, matched for age and gender, selected from the medical staff (10 men and 31 women, mean age 29, range 21–50), with no symptoms or signs of gastrointestinal disease for at least two weeks, were included. They had no FA, cardiovascular and respiratory
Results
The analysis of the urinary recovery of the two probes used to evaluate the IP in our experimental conditions shows, in normal subjects, a percentage of urinary recovery of La equal to 0.22. This datum confirms the previous data referred in literature [2], [3]. Higher percentages of La recovery are registered for FA and FH patients (0.66 and 0.77, respectively). Also Ma urinary percentage recovery from controls reflects the one present in literature (11.80). Differing from what observed for La
Discussion
The data reported in the present work clearly show a similar increase of I.P. in all the subjects studied, considering them as a whole group, regardless of the type of immunogenic reaction (IgE- or non-IgE-mediated). Indeed, in all patients with adverse reactions to food, we registered an increased La/Ma ratio, compared to normal subjects, depending on an increased La urinary recovery, since no variation of Ma urinary recovery was recorded.
It is important to consider that the I.P. test was
Conflict of interest statement
None declared.
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