Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression
Regular paperA third human tissue transglutaminase homologue as a result of alternative gene transcripts
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Transglutaminase 2 as a novel target in chronic kidney disease – Methods, mechanisms and pharmacological inhibition
2021, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCitation Excerpt :Additionally, a third splicing variant was identified in human kidney tissue, named TGH2, with unknown function. TGH2 is different from TGH in the calcium-binding site, which is missing in TGH2 (Fraij & Gonzales, 1996). Stimulation of renal proximal tubular epithelial or HUVEC cell lines with high glucose concentrations increased TG2 expression and activity (Bhatt et al., 2013; Furini et al., 2020; Skill et al., 2004).
Transglutaminase 2: A molecular Swiss army knife
2012, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell ResearchCitation Excerpt :Very intriguingly, several stress conditions and inducers have been shown to result in the expression of different isoforms of TG2 [34,95–99]. In response to retinoic acid [95,96] and cytokines [99] different splice variants were observed in different models. Similarly, central nervous system pathologies such as Alzheimer disease [97] and acute spinal cord injury [98] caused upregulation of certain isoforms.
Cellular Functions of Tissue Transglutaminase
2012, International Review of Cell and Molecular BiologyCitation Excerpt :Finally, tTGV1 and tTGV2 variants were identified in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes and were found to be identical to TG2 in their initial 622 amino acids, but had divergent C-termini of 52 and 23 amino acids, respectively (Lai et al., 2007). With the clear exception of the shortest isoform which has to be inactive because it is missing a part of the catalytic triad (Fraij and Gonzales, 1996), all other currently described TG2 isoforms should retain transamidating activity. Given that their truncated or divergent C-termini lack either some parts or the entire GTP-binding pocket, their transamidating activity is not expected to be repressed even by high intracellular GTP levels, making them more sensitive to Ca2 + activation and catalytically active under physiological conditions.
Protein crosslinking, tissue transglutaminase, alternative splicing and neurodegeneration
2002, Neurochemistry InternationalIntron-Exon Swapping of Transglutaminase mRNA and Neuronal Tau Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease
2001, Journal of Biological ChemistryCitation Excerpt :In contrast, in AD cortex, but not in the aged, non-demented brain, we found evidence for variant tTG messages (Fig. 7). This human AD short tTG mRNA results from alternative splicing at the same position (Fig. 8), involving a substitution immediately after amino acid residue 538, previously observed in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells (57). In one case (Fig. 8, italics) a slight variation in the splicing event resulted in a different coding frame which also terminated within 60 bases of the junction.