The inhibitory effects of coffee on radical-mediated oxidation and mutagenicity

doi:10.1016/0027-5107(94)90153-8

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis

Volume 308, Issue 2, 16 July 1994, Pages 177-190

https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(94)90153-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been implicated as a major contributor to coffee mutagenicity and genotoxicity in vitro. We have used three assays to show the gradual formation of H₂O₂ in freshly prepared roasted ground coffee and in instant coffees over time reaching levels of 400–450 μM after a 1-h incubation period. Formation of H₂O₂ occurs through an auto-oxidation process where polyphenolics, in the presence of transition metals, reduce atmospheric oxygen. However, because of these polyphenolics, coffee also possesses in vitro antioxidant activity as shown by its capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation in Fenton-catalysed hydroxylation reactions. The pro- and antioxidative effects of coffee are also reflected in its mutagenic and antimutagenic activity in the Ames test. Coffee is directly mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA102 due to H₂O₂ formation. However, coffee is also an antioxidant and antimutagen. This beverage exerts a strong protective effect against the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity induced by the oxidant t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Thus, coffee, like many antioxidants, exhibits dual effects in vitro which are highly dependent upon parameters such as dose, atmospheric oxygen, transition metals as well as the biological and chemical endpoints used for measurement. Consequently, the data obtained on the pro- and antioxidant properties of foods and beverages from in vitro bioassays must be interpreted with caution and the results are not easily extrapolated in vivo to assess the impact on human health.

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As a consequence, significant amount of research focusing strongly on the physiological and health effects of caffeine has been carried out [1-14], which reveals its beneficial in vitro and in vivo protective effects such as radioprotection properties [4], inhibition of tumorigenesis of certain chemicals [5], modulation of antitumor activity of antitumor agents [6], and enhancement of P-450 and phase II detoxification enzymes [7]. Caffeine is also found to be an efficient scavenger of oxygen free radicals [8-13]. Caffeine can coordinate to various transition metal ions using its free nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring in κ1-fashion (N9, see Chart 1) [15-26].
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Veratrum, hellebore is an important plant species of the Liliaceae family and jervine is the characteristic steroidal alkaloid constituent of Veratrum album.
In the current study, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of jervine isolated from NH₄OH-benzene extract of V. album rhizomes were investigated on CAR induced paw edema in rats.
In inflammatory study, 50, 100, 200 and 400  mg/kg doses of jervine, 25  mg/kg doses of DIC and IND were orally administered, and the volume of the foots were measured up to their knee arthrosis by plethismometer. After one hour of the oral administration of the all treatments, 0.1 ml of CAR solution (1%) was injected into the foot of the all rat groups and the volume of the foots were measured during 5 h after CAR injection. GPx, SOD, GR, MPO, CAT enzymes activities and GSH, LPO levels of the supernatants of paw homogenates and inflammation biomarkers such as TNF-α and IL-1β in the rats serums were also estimated.
According to the present results, jervine exerted 50.4–73.5% anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan induced paw edema. Inflammation biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO that increased by CAR injection were suppressed by the administrations of all doses of jervine, IND and DIC. In all paw tissues, LPO levels as indicator of oxidative tissue damage were found to be high in CAR-treated group and it was found to be decreased in all doses of jervine.
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Wong (1988) showed that cadmium, cobalt, manganese and lead are mutagenic using the Salmonella assay in the absence of the S9-mix, and Pra et al. (2008) found that iron and copper are genotoxic and mutagenic to mice after sub chronic exposure. Moreover, the mutagenicity may be due to the formation of H2O2 through an auto-oxidation process, where polyphenolics, in the presence of transition metals, reduce the atmospheric oxygen, as demonstrated by Stadler et al. (1994). Thus, even within the allowable limits, it is probable that the mutagenic effects found are due to the presence of metals or caffeine, or some interaction effect between them or even with other compounds not monitored in this study.
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages throughout the world. So far, many studies have shown the properties of coffee beverages, but little is known about its impacts on human and environmental health from its discard in the environment. So, the present work aims to investigate the mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and ecotoxic effects of leached (LE) and solubilized (SE) extracts from coffee waste, simulating the disposal of this residue in landfills and via sewage systems, respectively. Chemical analyses were also carried out. LE and SE induced mutagenicity in the TA98 Salmonella strain with and without exogenous metabolization (S9). In the TA100 only SE induced mutagenicity, what was observed without S9. An increase in the frequency of micronuclei was observed in HepG2 cell line after 3 and 24 h of exposure to both extracts. No cytotoxic effects were observed in HepG2 cells by WST-1 assay. The EC50 values for the LE and SE were 1.5% and 11.26% for Daphnia similis, 0.12% and 1.39% for Ceriodaphnia dubia and 6.0% and 5.5% for Vibrio fischeri, respectively. Caffeine and several transition metals were found in both extracts. Coffee waste discarded in the environment may pose a risk to human and environmental health, since this compound can cause DNA damage and present toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the antioxidant capacity of coffee after roasting to several degrees, and also the corresponding espresso brews using the direct QUENCHER procedure. In addition, volumetric fractions were collected in partitions during brewing of espresso to observe the extractability of antioxidant capacity in green and roasted beans. Roasting provided a 35% increase in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity after roasting at 220 °C for 20 min. Approximately half of the antioxidant capacity can be brewed to espresso beverage from ground coffee independent of the roasting degree. During brewing espresso, 30 mL was shown enough to get the 76% of the antioxidant activity with respect to longer extraction volumes. Extraction of 5-caffeoylquinic acid showed a similar pattern to antioxidant capacity. On dry matter basis, antioxidant capacity of the volume fractions increased both in green and roasted coffee. This indicated that the fraction having higher antioxidant capacity extracts more difficultly during espresso brewing.
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In addition, non-physiological doses of coffee compounds such as melanoidins or caffeine have been associated with a prooxidant effect (Azam, Hadi, Khan, & Hadi, 2003; Caemmerer et al., 2012). On the contrary, a small amount of coffee has a strong protective effect against oxidants (Stadler, Turesky, Müller, Markovic, & Leong-Morgenthaler, 1994). Moreover, fruits, vegetables or herbs with antioxidant properties and genoprotective effects have shown antimutagenic effects (Edenharder, Sager, Glatt, Muckel, & Platt, 2002).
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Cancer chemoprevention with low-dose combinations of bioactive phytochemicals instead of single agents has been suggested to induce less toxicity and improve efficacy. In this study, we selected four plant food-based phytochemicals, viz. chlorogenic acid (CLA), pelargonidin (PEL), resveratrol (RES) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to evaluate the in vitro chemoprevention of genotoxic damage in HL-60 cells. These agents were tested either individually or as a combination at two concentrations (with a 10-fold difference) against the genotoxins mitomycin C (MMC), diepoxybutane (DEB) and patulin (PAT). Our preliminary ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay demonstrated additive effects when PEL, CLA, RES and EGCG were combined. Results of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test showed significant protection against genotoxic damage induced by PAT, DEB and MMC when CLA, PEL, RES and EGCG were tested individually. This protective effect of the phytochemicals was not concentration-related. Both low- and high-concentration combinations of CLA, PEL, RES and EGCG showed significant reducing effects on the frequencies of micronuclei induced by PAT, DEB and MMC. However, the micronucleus test did not provide indications of additive or synergistic effects with this combination of phytochemicals. In conclusion, the chemo-preventive effects of PEL, CLA, RES and EGCG against genotoxic damage induced by MMC, DEB and PAT are indicative of a ‘saturation effect’ when higher concentrations and combinations of these phytochemicals are used.

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The inhibitory effects of coffee on radical-mediated oxidation and mutagenicity

Abstract

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