Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of post-column reaction gas chromatography with a single reference gas for offshore air and gas seeped from the seafloor samples

  • Note
  • Published:
Analytical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ambient air commonly contains carbon dioxide at concentrations greater than 400 µmol mol−1 and methane at ~ 2000 nmol mol−1; non-methane hydrocarbons are also widespread in the atmosphere at much lower concentrations. For quantification of various carbon-containing compounds in typical analytical instrument, corresponding number of reference materials are required. Therefore, the development of a method that uses a single reference material applicable to air monitoring is desired. Here, we examined a post-column reaction system combined with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID), which involves oxidation and reduction processes after separation. To determine various carbon-containing gases by post-column reaction gas chromatography with FID (GC-r-FID) using a single reference, it is necessary to confirm a good linearity of the response with carbon concentrations originating from various carbon-containing gases. When mixtures of carbon-containing gases at three different concentrations and the calibration curve of the FID response with the concentration converted into methane were used, a single linear calibration curve (correlation coefficient > 0.9999, 18 points) was obtained over four orders of magnitudes (to ~ 5000 µmol mol−1 as methane). The applicability of GC-r-FID was confirmed by determining carbon-containing gases in air and gas seeped from the seafloor samples. Because the results were comparable to those obtained by conventional GC-FID and GC-thermal conductivity detector, typically GC-r-FID with a single reference gas should be suitable for air monitoring.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  1. C. Zhu, J.A. Langley, L.H. Ziska, D.R. Cahoon, J.P. Megonigal, Sci. Adv. 8, 0054 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  2. A.L. Ganesan, S. Schwietzke, B. Poulter, T. Arnold, X. Lan, M. Rigby, F.R. Vogel, G.R. van der Werf, G.J. Maenhout, H. Boesch, S. Pandey, A.J. Manning, R.B. Jackson, E.G. Nisbet, M.R. Manning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 33, 1475 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.B. Jackson, M. Saunois, P. Bousquet, J.G. Canadell, B. Poulter, A.R. Stavert, P. Bergamaschi, Y. Niwa, A. Segers, A. Tsuruta, Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 071002 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. E.D. Hudson, P.A. Ariya, Chemosphere 69, 1474 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Z. Liu, C. Liu, Z. He, Y. Mu, C. Zhang, Y. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Liu, J. Environ. Sci. 113, 132 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Panopoulou, E. Liakakou, S. Sauvage, V. Gros, N. Locoge, B. Bonsang, T. Salameh, E. Gerasopoulos, N. Mihalopoulos, Sci. Total Environ. 800, 149389 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Liu, Y. Mu, C. Zhang, J. Liu, P. Liu, X. He, X. Li, Sci. Total Environ. 783, 146867 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Elshorbany, Y. Zhu, Y. Wang, X. Zhou, S. Sanderfield, C. Ye, M. Hayden, A.J. Peters, Atmos. Environ. 289, 119326 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Ma, Z. He, L. Yun, X. Wu, N. Qiu, J. Chang, H. Lin, Z. Cao, X. Zhu, D. You, J. Nat. Gas Geosci. 6, 289 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Watanabe, K. Kato, N. Matsumoto, T. Maeda, Talanta 72, 1655 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. C.A. Beach, C. Krumm, C.S. Spanjers, S. Maduskar, A.J. Jones, P.J. Dauenhauer, Analyst 141, 1627 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. C.S. Spanjers, C.A. Beach, A.J. Jones, P.J. Dauenhauer, Anal. Meth 9, 1928 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. L. Bai, D.D. Carlton Jr., K.A. Schug, J. Sep. Sci. 41, 4031 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Kitamaki, N. Saito, M. Numata, T. Ihara, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 23, 297 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Watanabe, T. Sasaki, T. Yoshimura, S. Narukami, T. Shimosaka, Anal. Sci. 34, 853 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. C.A. Beach, K.E. Joseph, P.J. Dauenhauer, C.S. Spanjers, A.J. Jones, T.J. Mountziaris, Am. Ins. Chem. Eng. 63, 5438 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Kitamaki, N. Saito, N. Sasaki, M. Morita, T. Sasaki, H. Miyamoto, M. Numata, T. Ihara, Anal. Sci. 37, 1185 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Hua, J. Luong, X. Yang, L. Sieben, P. Yang, R. Gras, Anal. Meth 11, 276 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Luong, Y. Hua, R. Gras, R.A. Shellie, Anal. Chem. 91, 11223 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are deeply grateful to Toshio Ogura, the boat captain of the Kuroshio, for his support during the field survey. We thank Takeshi Yoshida at the Chiba Prefectural Environmental Research Center; Mitsuhiro Ishii at the Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Research Center; and the members of the AIST for their cooperation. This work was supported by the Research Laboratory on Environmentally-Conscious Developments and Technologies of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan

    Yuko Kitamaki & Nobuyuki Aoki

  2. Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan

    Shinsuke Aoki

  3. Marine Ecology Research Institute, 300 Iwawada, Onjuku-Machi, Isumi-Gun, Chiba, 299-5105, Japan

    Hiroshi Ishida

  4. Department of Energy and Environment, Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan

    Masahiro Suzumura

Authors
  1. Yuko Kitamaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nobuyuki Aoki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shinsuke Aoki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hiroshi Ishida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Masahiro Suzumura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuko Kitamaki.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 1074 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kitamaki, Y., Aoki, N., Aoki, S. et al. Application of post-column reaction gas chromatography with a single reference gas for offshore air and gas seeped from the seafloor samples. ANAL. SCI. 39, 619–623 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-023-00279-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-023-00279-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation