Abstract
This study performed a cross-cultural adaptation and identified validity evidences of the smartphone addiction scale-long version (SAS-LV) in a sample of Brazilian university students (n = 504; Mage = 21.7; SD = 3.03) and adults (n = 578; Mage = 37.8; SD = 11.8). The adaptation of the SAS-LV was performed based on specific protocols, with the participation of experts in the field. The factorial structure was evaluated by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), principal component analysis (PCA), and network analysis (NA). The CFA did not detect adequate parameters, but the PCA presented a five-factor solution, explaining 55.2% of the variance. All items from the original version were retained because they had a factor load above 0.3. The SAS-LV presented good reliability indexes (α = .93). The NA indicated that the instrument had good psychometric properties for the two populations studied. The Portuguese version of the SAS-LV presented good validity indexes and can be used as a screening tool for smartphone addiction. Este estudo realizou a adaptação transcultural e identificou evidências de validade da smartphone addiction scale-long version (SAS-LV) para uma amostra de universitários (n = 504; Midade = 21,7; DP = 3,03) e adultos (n = 578; Midade = 37,8; DP = 11,8) brasileiros. A adaptação da SAS-LV foi realizada a partir de protocolos específicos, com a participação de especialistas da área. A estrutura fatorial foi avaliada pela análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC), análise de componentes principais (ACP) e análise de rede (AR). A AFC não apresentou parâmetros adequados, mas a ACP apresentou uma solução com cinco fatores, explicando 55,2% da variância. Todos os itens da versão original foram mantidos porque apresentaram carga fatorial acima de 0,3. A SAS-LV apresentou bons índices de confiabilidade (α = 0,93). A AR indicou um bom ajuste psicométrico do instrumento para as duas populações estudadas. A versão em português da SAS-LV apresentou bons índices de validade, podendo ser utilizada como instrumento de rastreio para a dependência de smartphone.
Resumen
Este estudio condujo una adaptación transcultural y identificó evidencias de validez de la smartphone addiction scale-long version (SAS-LV) para una muestra de estudiantes universitarios (n = 504; Medad = 21,7; DE = 3.03) y adultos (n = 578; Medad = 37,8; DE = 11.8) brasileños. La adaptación del SAS-LV ocurrió a partir de protocolos específicos, con la participación de expertos en el área. La estructura factorial fue evaluada mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y análisis de red (AR). El AFC no presentó parâmetros adecuados, pero el ACP presentó una solución de cinco factores, explicando 55.2% de la varianza. Todos los elementos de la versión original se mantuvieron porqué tenían carga factorial superior a 0.3. El SAS-LV tuvo buenos índices de confiabilidad (α = 0.93). El AR indicó buen ajuste psicométrico del instrumento para las dós poblaciones estudiadas. La versión en portugués del SAS-LV presentó buenos índices de validez, pudiendo ser utilizada como herramienta de detección para la dependencia de los smartphones.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Department of Psychiatry of the Catholic University of Korea for their support and partnership in this study. This study was partly financed by the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas.
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This study was partly financed by the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas.
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Andrade, Scatena, Enumo, and De Micheli were responsible for the study design and data acquisition. Andrade was responsible for the data analyses. Scatena, Kim, De Micheli, and Enumo cooperated in the technical procedures and interpretation of the data. Andrade drafted the manuscript. All the authors are responsible for the contents and have revised and approved its final version. Furthermore, the authors have declared there were no competing interests.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (CAAE 75837417.1.0000.5481; No. 2.326.766). The translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument was authorized by the original authors of the SAS-SV (Kwon et al. 2013).
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual adult participants included in the study.
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Andrade, A.L.M., Kim, DJ., Scatena, A. et al. Validity and Reliability of the Brazilian Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Long Version (SAS-LV). Trends in Psychol. 29, 302–319 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-020-00046-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-020-00046-y