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Reproductive Outcomes from Maternal Loss of Nlrp2 Are Not Improved by IVF or Embryo Transfer Consistent with Oocyte-Specific Defect

  • Reproductive Biology: Original Article
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Abstract

Nlrp2 encodes a protein of the oocyte subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), required for embryo development. We previously showed that loss of maternal Nlrp2 in mice causes subfertility, smaller litters with birth defects, and growth abnormalities in offspring, indicating that Nlrp2 is a maternal effect gene and that all embryos from Nlrp2-deficient females that were cultured in vitro arrested before the blastocysts stage. Here, we used time-lapse microscopy to examine the development of cultured embryos from superovulated Nlrp2-deficient and wild-type mice after in vivo and in vitro fertilization. Embryos from Nlrp2-deficient females had similar abnormal cleavage and fragmentation and arrested by blastocyst stage, irrespective of fertilization mode. This indicates that in vitro fertilization does not further perturb or improve the development of cultured embryos. We also transferred embryos from superovulated Nlrp2-deficient and wild-type females to wild-type recipients to investigate if the abnormal reproductive outcomes of Nlrp2-deficient females are primarily driven by oocyte dysfunction or if a suboptimal intra-uterine milieu is a necessary factor. Pregnancies with transferred embryos from Nlrp2-deficient females produced smaller litters, stillbirths, and offspring with birth defects and growth abnormalities. This indicates that the reproductive phenotype is oocyte-specific and is not rescued by development in a wild-type uterus. We further found abnormal DNA methylation at two maternally imprinted loci in the kidney of surviving young adult offspring, confirming persistent DNA methylation disturbances in surviving offspring. These findings have implications for fertility treatments for women with mutations in NLRP2 and other genes encoding SCMC proteins.

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Acknowledgments

We thank our lab members for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful suggestions.

Funding

This work was supported in part by grants from Integramed to J.R. and S.A., by grants R01HD079442 and R01HD092746 to IBV, and by the administrative core of the IDDRC grant U54 HD083092 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. We thank the Mouse ES Cell Core and the Genetically Engineered Mouse Core, partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant P30CA125123.

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Author notes

  1. Jessica Rubin

    Present address: Reproductive Biology Associates, 1100 Johnson Ferry Road NE, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA

  2. Sangeetha K. Mahadevan

    Present address: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

  3. Rajesh Ramakrishnan

    Present address: Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, room 1025.14, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

  4. Sara Arian and Jessica Rubin contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

    Sara Arian, Jessica Rubin, Imen Chakchouk, Momal Sharif, Sangeetha K. Mahadevan, Hadi Erfani, Rajesh Ramakrishnan & Ignatia B. Van den Veyver

  2. Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

    Katharine Shelly, Isabel Lorenzo & Ignatia B. Van den Veyver

  3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

    Lan Liao

  4. The Carol and Odis Peavy School of Nursing, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX, 77006, USA

    Rajesh Ramakrishnan

  5. Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, room 1025.14, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Ignatia B. Van den Veyver

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  1. Sara Arian
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All experiments were approved by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol AN-2035). Animal facilities were accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation for Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC).

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Summary Sentence

Female mice with loss of Nlrp2 have poor reproductive outcomes that are not rescued by in vitro fertilization or transfer of embryos to the uterus of a wild-type female, supporting that this maternal effect mutation causes an oocyte-specific defect.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplemental Figure 1

Embryo transfer pregnancy outcomes including recipients that did not achieve pregnancy. (A) Litter sizes (Y-axis) at postnatal day 0 (PND0; left two bars) and remaining litter sizes at postnatal day 21 (PND21; right two bars ) of ICR recipients of Nlrp2M+/P-/Z+ (blue) and Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ (red) embryos, including recipients that did not achieve pregnancy. The average litter size +/- standard deviation is given below each bar and the N above each bar indicates the total number of offspring for respective stage and genotype; p-values indicate the significance of difference between genotype. (B) Livebirth rates of Nlrp2M+/P-/Z+ and Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ offspring, including recipients that did not achieve a pregnancy. (PNG 169 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 55375 kb)

Supplemental figure 2

Comparisons of skeletal staining between the Nlrp2M+/P-/Z+ and Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ offspring. (A) Skeletal staining at PND21 of the same mice shown in Figure 6, but from a lateral view; Nlrp2M+/P-/Z+ is on the left and Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ is on the right. The Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ mouse is severely growth restricted with shortened long bones. (B) Black arrows point to fusion between vertebral bones in the Nlrp2M+/P-/Z+ mouse which is not seen in the Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ mouse (dashed arrows). (C) Black arrow in the Nlrp2M+/P-/Z+ mouse points to the patella, which was not seen in the Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ mouse (dashed arrow). (D) Secondary ossification centers in the hind-paw of Nlrp2M+/P−/Z+ offspring (black arrow) appears to underdeveloped in the Nlrp2M-/P+/Z+ mouse (dashed arrow). (PNG 1232 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 55375 kb)

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(DOCX 15 kb)

Supplemental video 1

Embryoscope time-lapse microscopy (Orignal 149.7 h, condensed to 28.76 sec) of in vivo fertilized embryos from Nlrp2tm1a/tm1a mice cultured in vitro. Developmental arrest at two-cell stage (bottom embryo) and no obvious blastocoel cavity formation followed by fragmentation (top embryo) are shown. (MP4 2071 kb)

Supplemental video 2

Embryoscope time-lapse microscopy (Orignal 161.8 h, condensed to 31.16 sec) of cultured in vitro fertilized embryos from Nlrp2tm1a/tm1a mice. Morphologically atypical blastocoel cavities are formed in both embryos before fragmentation is observed. (MP4 2794 kb)

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Arian, S., Rubin, J., Chakchouk, I. et al. Reproductive Outcomes from Maternal Loss of Nlrp2 Are Not Improved by IVF or Embryo Transfer Consistent with Oocyte-Specific Defect. Reprod. Sci. 28, 1850–1865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-020-00360-x

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