Abstract
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) is a popular ornamental plant, but its growth and flowering can be limited by inadequate soil phosphorus (P) availability. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form symbiotic associations with plants and enhance their P uptake and growth. This study investigated the effects of varying P levels (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM KH2PO4 solution) and AMF inoculation (mixture of Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus versiforme) on the P uptake, growth, and flowering of snapdragon. The results showed that P addition improved snapdragon root traits to different degrees and prolonged flowering time from 1 to 5 days. P addition generally reduced most of the organic acid contents. AMF inoculation with or without P addition improved root traits, among which 0.1 mM P + AMF inoculation showed the highest mycorrhizal colonisation percentage. It promoted the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and acid phosphatase in roots, and P uptake compared with the 0.1 mM P treatment and the control. Moreover, it increased the inflorescence length, flower density, and corolla diameter of the floret and prolonged the flowering duration to 22 days, 4–10 days longer than other treatments. The results suggest that combining P fertilisation with AMF inoculation was the most effective approach in improving root traits and P nutrition and increasing the number of flowers, flower quality, and flowering duration of snapdragons.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
References
Acuña H, Inostroza L (2013) Phosphorus efficiency of naturalized Chilean white clover in a grazed field trial. Grass Forage Sci 68:125–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00879.x
Biermann B, Linderman RG (1981) Quantifying vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizas: a proposed method towards standardization. New Phytol 87:63–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/2485121
Caspersen S, Bergstrand KJ (2020) Phosphorus restriction influences p efficiency and ornamental quality of poinsettia and chrysanthemum. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 267:109316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109316
Ezawa T, Cavagnaro TR, Smith SE, Smith F, Ohtomo R (2004) Rapid accumulation of polyphosphate in extraradical hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as revealed by histochemistry and a polyphosphate kinase-luciferase system. New Phytol 161:387–392. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00966.x
Fu X, Huang J, Yun YL (1992) Effects of various phosphorus sources on flower growth in the artificial medium. Acta Hort Sin 1:67–70
Gaur A, Gaur A, Adholeya A (2000) Growth and flowering in Petunia hybrida, Callistephus chinensis and Impatiens balsamina inoculated with mixed am inocula or chemical fertilizers in a soil of low p fertility. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 84:151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00105-3
Karandashov V, Bucher M (2005) Symbiotic phosphate transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas. Trends Plant Sci 10:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.12.003
Lazzara S, Militello M, Carrubba A, Napoli E, Saia S (2017) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi altered the hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin content in flowers of Hypericum perforatum grown under contrasting P availability in a highly organic substrate. Mycorrhiza 27:345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-016-0756-6
Liu DH, Liu W, Zhu DW, Jin H, Guo LP, Zuo ZT, Liu L (2010) Effect of phosphate fertilizer supply on growth, yield and nutrient absorption of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat). Southwest China J Agri Sci 23:1575–1580
Liu JF, Wang P, Luo Y, Xie YC, Wan Y, Xia RX (2010) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on absorbing phosphorus and excreting organic acids of Poncirus trifoliata seedlings under low-phosphorus stress. Subtrop Plant Sci 39:9–13
Liu RJ, Chen YL (2007) Mycorrhizology. Science Press, Beijing, pp 290–297
Liu RJ, Luo XS (1994) A new method to quantify the inoculum potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 128:89–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03990.x
Liu SJ, Guo HL, Xu J, Song ZY, Song SR, Tang JJ, Chen X (2018) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differ in affecting the flowering of a host plant under two soil phosphorus conditions. J Plant Ecol 11:623–631. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtx038
Liu ZH, Li MH, Liu JB, Wang JH, Lin XG, Hu JL (2022) Higher diversity and contribution of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at an optimal P-input level. Agric Ecosyst Environ 337:108053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108053
Marschener H (1998) Role of root growth, arbuscular mycorrhiza, and root exudates for the efficiency in nutrient acquisition. Field Crop Res 56:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00131-7
Ma J, Wang WQ, Yang J, Qin SF, Yang YS, Sun CY, Pei G, Zeeshan M, Liao HL, Liu L, Huang JH (2022) Mycorrhizal symbiosis promotes the nutrient content accumulation and affects the root exudates in maize. BMC Plant Biol 22:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03370-2
Ma JQ, Wang X, Yuan W, Tang H, Luan M (2021) The optimal concentration of KH2PO4 enhances nutrient uptake and flower production in rose plants via enhanced root growth. Agriculture 11:1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121210
Neuenkamp L, Prober SM, Price JN, Zobel M, Standish RJ (2019) Benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation to ecological restoration depend on plant functional type, restoration context and time. Fungal Ecol 40:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2018.05.004
Nopphakat K, Runsaeng P, Klinnawee L (2022) Acaulospora as the dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic lowland rice paddies improves phosphorus availability in soils. Sustainability 14:31. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010031
Qin Z, Zhang H, Feng G, Christie P, Gai J (2020) Soil phosphorus availability modifies the relationship between AM fungal diversity and mycorrhizal benefits to maize in an agricultural soil. Soil Biol Biochem 144:107790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107790
Shu B, Li WC, Liu LQ, Wei YZ, Shi SY (2016) Progress on material exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plant: a review. J Plant Nutri Fertil 22:1111–1117
Tsai SS, Chang YCA (2022) Plant maturity affects flowering ability and flower quality in Phalaenopsis, focusing on their relationship to carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Hortscience 57:191–196. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16273-21
Tshibangu Kazadi A, Lwalaba Wa Lwalaba J, Kirika Ansey B, Mavungu Muzulukwau J, Manda Katabe G, Iband Karul M, Baert G, Haesaert G, Mukobo Mundende RP (2022) Effect of P and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in a tropical ferralsol. Gesunde Pflanzen 74:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00598-8
Ven A, Verlinden MS, Verbruggen E, Vicca S (2019) Experimental evidence that phosphorus fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can reduce the carbon cost of phosphorus uptake. Funct Ecol 33:2215–2225. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13452
Vosnjak M, LIkar M, Osterc G (2021) The effect of mycorrhizal inoculum and phosphorus treatment on growth and flowering of Ajania (Ajania pacifica (Nakai) Bremer et Humphries) plant. Horticulturae 7:178. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070178
Wan CY, Mi L, By C, Li JF, Huo HZ, Xu JT, Chen XP (2018) Effects of nitrogen during nursery stage on flower bud differentiation and early harvest after transplanting in strawberry. Braz J Bot 41:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-017-0417-9
Wang LY, Liu XJ, Cui ZY, Xu DP, Yang ZP, Zhang NN, Hong Z, Chen JT, Huang WR (2018) Effects of fertilization on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen Bull Bot Res 38:7
Xie MM, Wu QS (2018) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi regulate flowering of Hyacinths orientalis L. Anna Marie Emir J Food Agr 30:144–149. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018
Xing LJ, Li W, Zhai YL, Hu XY, Guo SX (2022) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote early flowering and prolong flowering in Antirrhinum majus L. by regulating endogenous hormone balance under field-planting conditions. Not Bot Horti Agrobo 50:12503. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha50112503
Xue YL, Li CY, Wang CR, Wang Y, Liu RJ, Chang S et al (2019) Mechanisms of phosphorus uptake from soils by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. J Soil Water Conserv 33:10–20. https://doi.org/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2019.06.002
Ye SC, Tan XF, Yuan J, Zhang XJ, Shi C (2013) Determination of organic acids in oil tea root tissue and root exudation with HPLC. J Nanjing Forest Univ 37:59–63
Zhang D, Moran RE, Stack LB (2004) Effect of phosphorus fertilization on growth and flowering of Scaevola aemula R. Br. ‘new wonder. Hortscience 10:1728–1731. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1728
Zheng CY, Chai MM, Jiang SS, Zhang SB, Zhang JL (2015) Foraging capability of extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to soil phosphorus patches and evidence of carry over effect on new host plant. Plant Soil 387:201–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2286-3
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Professor Yinglong Chen of the University of Western Australia and Professor Runjin Liu of Qingdao Agricultural University for their critical reading, valuable suggestions, and corrections during writing this article. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English language editing.
Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, No. ZR2020MC147.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed extensively to the work presented in this paper.
We insist that no author be omitted.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhai, Y., Hu, X., Zhao, X. et al. Phosphorous and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve Snapdragon Flowering Through Regulating Root Architecture and Phosphorus Nutrition. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23, 4279–4289 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01347-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01347-8