References
Zafar U, Khaliq S, Ahmad HU, Manzoor S, Lone KP (2018) Metabolic syndrome: an update on diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, and genetic links. Hormones (Athens) 17(3):299–313
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al (2009) International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome. A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640–1652
Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Punthakee Z, Goldenberg R, Katz P (2018) Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Can J Diabetes 42(Suppl 1):S10–S15
Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Tziomalos K et al (2010) Comparison of four definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a Greek (Mediterranean) population. Curr Med Res Opin 26:713–719
Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP (2015) Metabolic syndrome: different definitions and gender-specific associations with cardiovascular risk factors. Diab Vasc Dis Res 12:471–472
Athyros VG, Ganotakis E, Kolovou GD, et al (2011) Assessing the treatment effect in metabolic syndrome without perceptible diabetes (ATTEMPT) collaborative. Assessing the treatment effect in metabolic syndrome without perceptible diabetes (ATTEMPT): a prospective-randomized study in middle aged men and women. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 9: 647–657
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al (2005) American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation 112:2735–2752
Katsiki N, Perez-Martinez P, Anagnostis P, Mikhailidis DP, Karagiannis A (2018) Is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease indeed the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 16:219–227
Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Katsiki N, Doumas M, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP (2015) Cardiovascular risk across the histological spectrum and the clinical manifestations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an update. World J Gastroenterol 21:6820–6834
Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H et al (2017) The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An expert panel statement. Metabolism 71:17–32
Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP (2018) Abnormal peri-organ or intra-organ fat deposition and vascular risk. Angiology 2018;69(10):841–842
Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP (2016) Abnormal peri-organ or intra-organ fat (APIFat) deposition: an underestimated predictor of vascular risk? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 14:432–441
Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Wierzbicki AS (2013) Epicardial fat and vascular risk: a narrative review. Curr Opin Cardiol 28:458–463
Fitzgibbons TP, Czech MP (2014) Epicardial and perivascular adipose tissues and their influence on cardiovascular disease: basic mechanisms and clinical associations. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000582
Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros C (2018) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal cancer: a marker of risk or common causation? Metabolism 2018;87:A10–A13
Esposito K, Capuano A, Giugliano D (2014) Metabolic syndrome and cancer: holistic or reductionist? Endocrine 45:362–364
Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Maurantonio M, Marrazzo A, Rinaldi L, Adinolfi LE (2017) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evolving paradigms. World J Gastroenterol 23:6571–6592
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
NK has given talks, attended conferences, and participated in trials sponsored by Amgen, Angelini, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Galenica, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and WinMedica. MD has nothing to declare. VA has given talks, attended conferences, and participated in trials sponsored by MSD, Angelini, Sanofi, and Amgen.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katsiki, N., Doumas, M. & Athyros, V. Metabolic syndrome: joint diagnostic criteria and links with comorbidities. Hormones 18, 107–108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0074-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0074-9