Abstract
Coffee leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix, is a devastating fungal disease threat to coffee production and the economy globally. Spraying fungicides including quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) can effectively extinguish a disease outbreak quickly. However, mutations in the cytochrome b (CYTB) gene associated with QoI resistance have been reported in rust fungi and many other pathogens. In the Asian soybean rust fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a nucleotide mutation in the first exon of the CYTB gene, leading to the amino acid substitution F129L, is responsible for QoI resistance. Together with the F129L, amino acid substitutions at positions 137 and 143 are linked with moderate or high resistance to QoIs, respectively, in other pathogens. As an important obligate parasitic fungus causing disease to major and valuable tropical plant, therefore, it is important to develop molecular methods to detect resistance development in this pathogen H. vastatrix. Difference from the soybean rust fungus, codon 129 is located in exon 2 of the CYTB gene of this fungus, while exon 3 harbors codons 137 and 143. In this study, three PCR primer pairs were designed to amplify exons 2, 3, and 4 of the H. vastatrix CYTB gene and used for 40 isolates from Vietnam, the second-largest coffee producer worldwide. The following sequencing results showed that Vietnamese isolates did not harbor F129L and G143A mutations in exons 2 and 3 of the CYTB gene. The three primer pairs used in this study can be applied for live or dried mycelia to detect potential resistance to QoI fungicides in H. vastatrix in the future.
Data availability
This study has no data sharing as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current research.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Board of Directors of the Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Dinh A. H., Nguyen T. T. D., Tran C. H., and Nguyen T. N. B., for their assistance in collecting samples in Vietnam.
Funding
This research was financially supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number 20H03006 (IO) and the fund for student research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sciences, and Technology of Japan.
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CTML collected samples. HI, IO, YY, and CTML conceived and directed this study. CTML designed and performed experiments. CTML, HI, and IO analyzed and biologically interpreted the data. CTML wrote the draft manuscript. HI, IO, and YY revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All the specimens were collected under the permission of the Vietnamese Government and experiments were performed with the current laws of Japan.
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Le, C.T.M., Ishii, H., Okane, I. et al. Sequence analysis of cytochrome b gene in Vietnamese isolates of Hemileia vastatrix, the causal agent of coffee leaf rust, in relation to potential QoI fungicide resistance. Trop. plant pathol. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-023-00556-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-023-00556-x