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Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Citizenship Status, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrant Young Adults

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Abstract

Both racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status are manifestations of racism. Few empirical studies have examined the role of multiple stressors and how both stressors are interlinked to influence health among immigrant young adults. Informed by the theory of stress proliferation, the current study seeks to examine the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on health. We used the third wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) to examine the influence of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on self-rated health (SRH) among immigrant young adults (N = 3344). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination was initially associated with SRH. After adjusting for both predictors, those experiencing perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and non-citizen youth were less likely to report better health than youth who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination or citizen youth. In fully adjusted multivariate regression models, racial/ethnic discrimination remained significant, while citizenship status was no longer associated with SRH. To test stress proliferation, an interaction term was included to assess whether the relationship between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and SRH varied by citizenship status. The interaction term was significant; non-citizen young adults who experienced racial/ethnic discrimination were less likely to report better health in comparison to citizen young adults and those who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Results suggest that the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status may be influential for health among immigrant young adults. These findings underscore the need for further assessment of the role of stress proliferation on immigrant young adults’ health.

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Funding

For Kazumi Tsuchiya, this work was supported by Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Award Numbers: T32HD095134, P2CHD041023). The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Social and Behavioural Health Sciences Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada

    Kazumi Tsuchiya

  2. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA

    Amy Jo Schulz & Cleopatra Howard Caldwell

  3. Department of Sociology and Criminology, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA

    Michael David Niño

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  1. Kazumi Tsuchiya
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Kazumi Tsuchiya conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the initial version of the manuscript. Amy Jo Schulz assisted in the conception of the study, participated in the design and interpretation of the data and results, and provided feedback on drafts of the manuscript. Michael David Niño assisted in the interpretation of the results and provided feedback on drafts of the manuscript. Cleopatra Howard. Caldwell assisted in the conception of the study, participated in the design and interpretation of the data and results, and provided feedback on drafts of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kazumi Tsuchiya.

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Tsuchiya, K., Schulz, A.J., Niño, M.D. et al. Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Citizenship Status, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrant Young Adults. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01731-1

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