Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Impact of HIV-Related Stigma on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Retention in HIV Care Among Adults Living with HIV in Florida

  • Published:
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Our study examines the effects of distinct HIV stigma subtypes on retention in care and racial-ethnic differences among persons with HIV (PWH).

Methods

Using Florida Medical Monitoring Project 2015-2017 data, we analyzed patients' clinical and behavioral characteristics. We analyzed 89,889 PWH in Florida (50.0% non-Hispanic Blacks, 20.8% Hispanics, 29.2% non-Hispanic whites). HIV stigma subtypes, negative self-image, anticipated stigma, personalized stigma, and retention in care were examined with logistic regressions.

Results

People with high negative self-image and anticipated stigma were less likely to be retained (CI: 0.84-0.92; 0.47-0.53). The association between HIV-related stigma subtypes and retention in care differed between Black, White, and Hispanic participants. Negative self-image was associated with higher retention rates among Hispanics (CI: 5.64-9.26) and Whites (CI: 1.04-1.27), while low retention rates among Blacks (0.617-0.686). The likelihood of staying in care was lower across all racial-ethnic groups when the anticipated stigma was high or moderate. In contrast, personalized stigma increased retention across all racial-ethnic groups.

Conclusion

Results showed that distinct types of HIV stigma differentially impact retention, and these associations differ by race and ethnicity. Future interventions should address the effect HIV stigma subtypes have on racially minoritized PWH retention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data supporting this study's findings are available from the Florida Department of Health. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study. Data are available from the authors with the permission of the Florida Department of Health.

Code Availability

All code for data cleaning and analysis associated with the current submission is available by request from Derrick J. Forney, djf142@miami.edu.

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Surveillance Report, 2019, 2021. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. (accessed April 9, 2023).

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ending the HIV Epidemic - Vital Signs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/end-HIV/ (accessed March 27, 2022).

  3. Moitra E, Tao J, Olsen J, Shearer RD, Wood BR, Busch AM, LaPlante A, Baker JV, Chan PA. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV testing rates across four geographically diverse urban centres in the United States: An observational study. Lancet Reg Health - Am. 2022;7:100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Florida Department of Health, HIV Data Center | Florida Department of Health, (2021). http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/aids/surveillance/ (accessed April 30, 2021).

  5. Florida Department of Health. Epidemiology of HIV in Miami-Dade County, 2019 [PowerPoint slides], Florida Department of Health HIV/AIDS Section, Florida Department of Health. 2020. https://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/infectious-disease-services/hiv-aids-services/_documents/2021/_documents/2021-04-01-HIV-in-Miami-Dade-County-2019.pdf

  6. Sheehan DM, Dawit R, Gbadamosi SO, Fennie KP, Li T, Gebrezgi M, Brock P, Ladner RA, Trepka MJ. Sustained HIV viral suppression among men who have sex with men in the Miami-Dade County Ryan White Program: The effect of demographic, psychosocial, provider and neighborhood factors. BMC Public Health. 2020;20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8442-1.

  7. Manosuthi W, Charoenpong L, Santiwarangkana C. A retrospective study of survival and risk factors for mortality among people living with HIV who received antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting. AIDS Res Ther. 2021;18:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-021-00397-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dombrowski JC, Kent JB, Buskin SE, Stekler JD, Golden MR. Population-based metrics for the timing of HIV diagnosis, engagement in HIV care, and virologic suppression. AIDS. 2012;26:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834dcee9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Florida Department of Health, Persons With an HIV Diagnosis in Florida, 2019, 2020. http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/aids/surveillance/_documents/fact-sheet/FloridaFactsheet.pdf (accessed May 22, 2021).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sheehan DM, Fennie KP, Mauck DE, Maddox LM, Lieb S, Trepka MJ. Retention in HIV Care and Viral Suppression: Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Racial/Ethnic Differences, Florida, 2015. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2017;31:167–75. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2016.0197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Florida Department of Health, Epidemiologic Profile Reports | Florida Department of Health, Epidemiologic Profile Reports. (2021). http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/aids/surveillance/epi-profiles/index.html (accessed August 25, 2021).

  12. Cyrus E, Dawson C, Fennie KP, Sheehan DM, Mauck DE, Sanchez M, Maddox LM, Trepka MJ, Braithwaite RL, De M, Rosa L, Smith SA. Disparity in Retention in Care and Viral Suppression for Black Caribbean-Born Immigrants Living with HIV in Florida. Int J Environ Res Public Health Article. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030285.

  13. Herek GM, Mitnick L, Burris S, Chesney M, Devine P, Fullilove MT, Fullilove R, Gunther HC, Levi J, Michaels S, Novick A, Pryor J, Snyder M, Sweeney T. Workshop report: AIDS and stigma: A conceptual framework and research agenda. AIDS Public Policy J. 1998:36–47. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10915271/ (accessed April 30, 2021)

  14. Earnshaw VA, Smith LR, Chaudoir SR, Amico KR, Copenhaver MM. HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: A test of the HIV Stigma Framework. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:1785–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Earnshaw VA, Chaudoir SR. From Conceptualizing to Measuring HIV Stigma: A Review of HIV Stigma Mechanism Measures. AIDS Behav. 2009:1160–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9593-3.

  16. Golub SA, Gamarel KE. The impact of anticipated HIV stigma on delays in HIV testing behaviors: Findings from a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in New York City. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27:621–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0245.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Gamarel KE, Nelson KM, Stephenson R, Santiago Rivera OJ, Chiaramonte D, Miller RL. Anticipated HIV Stigma and Delays in Regular HIV Testing Behaviors Among Sexually-Active Young Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:522–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-2005-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Williams R, Cook R, Brumback B, Cook C, Ezenwa M, Spencer E, Lucero R. The relationship between individual characteristics and HIV-related stigma in adults living with HIV: Medical monitoring project, Florida, 2015-2016. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08891-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Algarin AB, Sheehan DM, Varas-Diaz N, Fennie K, Zhou Z, Spencer EC, Cook CL, Cook RL, Ibanez GE. Enacted HIV-Related Stigma’s Association with Anxiety & Depression Among People Living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:93–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02948-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Algarin AB, Sheehan DM, Varas-Diaz N, Fennie KP, Zhou Z, Spencer EC, Cook RL, Morano JP, Ibanez GE. Health Care-Specific Enacted HIV-Related Stigma’s Association with Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Viral Suppression among People Living with HIV in Florida. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:316–26. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2020.0031.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Radcliffe J, Doty N, Hawkins LA, Gaskins CS, Beidas R, Rudy BJ. Stigma and sexual health risk in HIV-positive african american young men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010;24:493–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2010.0020.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. P.J. Smit, M. Brady, M. Carter, R. Fernandes, L. Lamore, M. Meulbroek, M. Ohayon, T. Platteau, P. Rehberg, J.K. Rockstroh, M. Thompson, J. Ju¨rgen, K. Rockstroh, AIDS Care Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV HIV-related stigma within communities of gay men: a literature review HIV-related stigma within communities of gay men: A literature review, AIDS Care. 24 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.613910.

  23. Christopoulos KA, Neilands TB, Hartogensis W, Geng EH, Sauceda J, Mugavero MJ, Crane HM, Fredericksen RJ, Moore RD, Mathews WC, Mayer KH, Chander G, Hurt CB, Johnson MO. Internalized HIV Stigma Is Associated With Concurrent Viremia and Poor Retention in a Cohort of US Patients in HIV Care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82:116–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Pearson CA, Johnson MO, Neilands TB, Dilworth SE, Sauceda JA, Mugavero MJ, Crane HM, Fredericksen RJ, Mathews WC, Moore RD, Napravnik S, Mayer KH, Christopoulos KA. Internalized HIV Stigma Predicts Suboptimal Retention in Care Among People Living with HIV in the United States. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2021;35:188–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/APC.2020.0244.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kalichman SC, Katner H, Banas E, Hill M, Kalichman MO. Cumulative Effects of Stigma Experiences on Retention in HIV Care among Men and Women in the Rural Southeastern United States. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34:484–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2020.0144.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Davtyan M, Olshansky EF, Brown B, Lakon C. A Grounded Theory Study of HIV-Related Stigma in U.S.-Based Health Care Settings. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 28(2017):907–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2017.07.007.

  27. Fredericksen RJ, Edwards TC, Merlin JS, Gibbons LE, Rao D, Batey DS, Dant L, Páez E, Church A, Crane PK, Crane HM, Patrick DL. Patient and provider priorities for self-reported domains of HIV clinical care. AIDS Care - Psychol Socio-Med Aspects AIDS/HIV. 2015;27:1255–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1050983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. K.L. Stringer, B. Turan, Lisa Mccormick, M. Durojaiye, L. Nyblade, M.-C. Kempf, B. Lichtenstein, J.M. Turan, HIV-Related Stigma Among Healthcare Providers in the Deep South, AIDS Behav. 20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1256-y.

  29. Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ, Mikhail I, McCree DH, Davies SL, Hardin JW, Harris Peterson S, Hook EW, Saag M. HIV discrimination and the health of women living with HIV. Women Health. 2007;46:99–112. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v46n02_07.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lindau ST, Jerome J, Miller K, Monk E, Garcia P, Cohen M. Mothers on the margins: Implications for eradicating perinatal HIV. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schuster MA, Collins R, Cunningham WE, Morton SC, Zierler S, Wong M, Tu W, Kanouse DE. Perceived Discrimination in Clinical Care in a Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Health Care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:807–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0169.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Hussen SA, Harper GW, Bauermeister JA, Hightow-Weidman LB. Psychosocial influences on engagement in care among HIV-positive young black gay/bisexual and other men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2015;29:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Monroe AK, Lau B, Mugavero MJ, Mathews WC, Mayer KH, Napravnik S, Hutton HE, Kim HS, Jabour S, Moore RD, McCaul ME, Christopoulos KA, Crane HC, Chander G. Heavy alcohol use is associated with worse retention in HIV care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;73(2016):419–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001083.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Vagenas P, Azar MM, Copenhaver MM, Springer SA, Molina PE, Altice FL. The Impact of Alcohol Use and Related Disorders on the HIV Continuum of Care: a Systematic Review: Alcohol and the HIV Continuum of Care. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12:421–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11904-015-0285-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Pecoraro A, Mimiaga M, Safren SA, Blokhina E, Verbitskaya E, Yaroslavtseva T, Ustinov A, Lioznov DA, Zvartau E, Krupitsky E, Woody GE. Depression, Substance Use, Viral Load, and CD4+ Count among Patients who continued or left Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, AIDS Care. 2015;27:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.959464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lifson AR, Demissie W, Tadesse A, Ketema K, May R, Yakob B, Metekia M, Slater L, Shenie T. Barriers to retention in care as perceived by persons living with HIV in rural Ethiopia: Focus group results and recommended strategies. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2013;12:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545109712456428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. A.M. Kipp, Peter, F. Rebeiro, B.E. Shepherd, L. Brinkley-Rubinstein, M. Turner, S. Bebawy, T.R. Sterling, Todd Hulgan, Daily Marijuana Use is Associated with Missed Clinic Appointments Among HIV-Infected Persons Engaged in HIV Care, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1716-7.

  38. Wu K, Tie Y, Dasgupta S, Beer L, Marcus R. Injection and Non-Injection Drug Use Among Adults with Diagnosed HIV in the United States, 2015-2018. AIDS Behav. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03457-9.

  39. Carrico AW, Johnson MO, Moskowitz JT, Neilands TB, Morin SF, Charlebois ED, Steward WT, Remien RH, Wong FL, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Lightfoot MA, Chesney MA. Affect regulation, stimulant use, and viral load among HIV-positive persons on anti-retroviral therapy. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:785–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0B013E318157B142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Swendeman D, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Comulada S, Weiss R, Ramos ME. Predictors of HIV-related stigma among young people living with HIV. Health Psychol. 2006;25:501–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.501.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Protocol MMP. Data Collection Cycles. 2015-2017:2015. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics/systems/mmp/cdc-hiv-mmp-protocol-and-appendices-2015.pdf

  42. Wright K, Naar-King S, Lam P, Templin T, Frey M. Stigma Scale Revised: Reliability and Validity of a Brief Measure of Stigma for HIV+ Youth. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40:96–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Berger BE, Ferrans CE, Lashley FR. Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale¶. Res Nurs Health. 2001;24:518–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/NUR.10011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. SAMSHA, Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Rockville, MD, 2020. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/ (accessed September 8, 2021).

  45. Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0473-3-17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. O. Mgbako, C. Loughran, R. Mathu, · Delivette Castor, J. Mclean, M.E. Sobieszczyk, S. Olender, · Peter Gordon, J. Lopez-Rios, · Robert, H. Remien, Rapid or Immediate ART, HIV Stigma, Medical Mistrust, and Retention in Care: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Pilot Study, AIDS Behav. 1 (2023) 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-04058-4.

  47. Health Resources and Services Administration, Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Annual Client-Level Data Report, 2020. hab.hrsa.gov/data/data-reports (accessed August 27, 2021).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Migration Policy Institute, Haitian Immigrants in the United States | migrationpolicy.org, (2020). https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/haitian-immigrants-united-states-2018 (accessed July 31, 2021).

  49. Sheehan DM, Trepka MJ, Fennie KP, Maddox LM. Rate of new HIV diagnoses among Latinos living in Florida: Disparities by country/region of birth. AIDS Care - Psychol Socio-Med Aspects AIDS/HIV. 2015;27:507–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.978731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Black D. The plague years: A chronicle of AIDS, the epidemic of our times. Simon & Schuster; 1986. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+%0A+Black%2C+D.+%281986%29.+The+plague+years%3A+A+chronicle+of+AIDS%2C+the+epidemic+of+our+times.+Great+Britain%3A+Pan+Books. (accessed May 8, 2022)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Santana MA, Dancy BL. The stigma of being named “aids carriers” on haitian-american women. Health Care Women Int. 2000;21:161–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/073993300245230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Brewer R, Hood KB, Hotton A, Moore M, Spieldenner A, Daunis C, Mukherjee S, Sprague L, Schneider JA, Smith-Davis M, Brown G, Bowen B. Associations Between Experienced HIV Stigma, Resulting Consequences, and the HIV Care Continuum: Moderating Effects of Two Resilience Characteristics Among Persons Living with HIV (PLWH) in Louisiana. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020;1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00925-1.

  53. Brewer R, Hood KB, Moore M, Spieldenner A, Daunis C, Mukherjee S, Smith-Davis M, Brown G, Bowen B, Schneider JA. An Exploratory Study of Resilience, HIV-Related Stigma, and HIV Care Outcomes Among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) Living with HIV in Louisiana. AIDS Behav. 2020;24:2119–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02778-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Blashill AJ, Perry N, Safren SA. Mental Health: A Focus on Stress, Coping, and Mental Illness as it Relates to Treatment Retention, Adherence, and Other Health Outcomes. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2011; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0089-1.

  55. LaVeist TA, Nuru-Jeter A, Jones KE. The Association of Doctor-Patient Race Concordance with Health Services Utilization. J Public Health Policy. 2003;24:312–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/3343378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Snyder JE, Upton RD, Hassett TC, Lee H, Nouri Z, Dill M. Black Representation in the Primary Care Physician Workforce and Its Association With Population Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e236687. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2023.6687.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Greenwood BN, Hardeman RR, Huang L, Sojourner A. Physician-Patient Racial Concordance Disparities Birthing Mortality Newborns. 2020;117 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913405117/-/DCSupplemental.

  58. Rios-Ellis B, Becker D, Espinoza L, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Diaz G, Carricchi A, Galvez G, Garcia M. Evaluation of a community health worker intervention to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma and increase HIV testing among underserved latinos in the southwestern U.S. Public Health Rep. 2015;130:458–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491513000509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Derose KP, Bogart LM, Kanouse DE, Felton A, Collins DO, Mata MA, Oden CW, Dominguez BX, Florez KR, Hawes-Dawson J, Williams MV. An intervention to reduce HIV-related stigma in partnership with African American and Latino churches. AIDS Educ Prev. 2014;26:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2014.26.1.28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Sanchez AA. An Examination of the Folk Healing Practice of Curanderismo in the Hispanic Community. J Community Health Nurs. 2018;35:148–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2018.1475801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hult JR, Wrubel J, Bränström R, Acree M, Moskowitz JT. Disclosure and Nondisclosure Among People Newly Diagnosed with HIV: An Analysis from a Stress and Coping Perspective. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012;26:181. https://doi.org/10.1089/APC.2011.0282.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to extend extensive gratitude to the men and women who participated in this study, the FDOH research staff, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This study was supported by a National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities S21 Endowment Grant (“Florida International University-Health Disparities Initiative”; #S21MD010683; PI Gil & De La Rosa). Additionally, Derrick Forney was funded by T32 MH126772 (MPIs Dale, Feaster, Horigian) from the National Institute of Mental Health. The content of this publication is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities #S21MD010683 (PI Gil & De La Rosa). Additionally, Derrick Forney was supported by T32 MH126772 (MPIs Dale, Feaster, Horigian) from the National Institute of Mental Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA

    Derrick J. Forney & Mariana Sanchez

  2. Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Florida International University, Miami, USA

    Derrick J. Forney, Diana M. Sheehan, Tan Li, Mario De La Rosa & Mariana Sanchez

  3. Center for HIV Research and Mental Health (CHARM), University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA

    Derrick J. Forney & Sannisha K. Dale

  4. Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Miami, USA

    Diana M. Sheehan

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, USA

    Sannisha K. Dale

  6. Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA

    Tan Li

  7. Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, USA

    Emma C. Spencer

Authors
  1. Derrick J. Forney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diana M. Sheehan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sannisha K. Dale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mario De La Rosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Emma C. Spencer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mariana Sanchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Derrick J. Forney: conceptualization; investigation; methodology; data curation; writing-original draft; formal analysis; writing-reviewing and editing. Diana M. Sheehan: supervised conceptualization; methodology; writing-reviewing; and editing. Sannisha K Dale: funding acquisition, writing-reviewing, and editing. Tan Li: supervised conceptualization; methodology; supervised formal analysis; writing-reviewing; and editing. Mario De La Rosa: funding acquisition; supervised conceptualization; writing-reviewing; and editing. Emma C. Spencer: writing-reviewing and editing. Mariana Sanchez: supervised conceptualization; methodology; data curation; supervised writing-original draft; supervised formal analysis; writing-reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derrick J. Forney.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Procedures were approved by the Florida International University and the Florida Department of Health Institutional Review Boards.

Consent to Participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

Unrelated to data in this manuscript, Dr. Dale is a co-investigator on a Merck & Co. funded project on “A Qualitative Study to Explore Biomedical HIV Prevention Preferences, Challenges and Facilitators among Diverse At-Risk Women Living in the United States” and has served as a workgroup consultant on engaging people living with HIV for Gilead Sciences, Inc. All other authors declare that they do not have relevant financial, non-financial interests nor competing interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Forney, D.J., Sheehan, D.M., Dale, S.K. et al. The Impact of HIV-Related Stigma on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Retention in HIV Care Among Adults Living with HIV in Florida. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01715-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01715-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation