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A Systematic Review of Inequalities in the Mental Health Experiences of Black African, Black Caribbean and Black-mixed UK Populations: Implications for Action

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Abstract

Background

Measurable differences in the experience and treatment of mental health conditions have been found to exist between different racial categories of community groups. The objective of this research was to review the reported mental health of Black African-Caribbean communities in the UK, determinants of mental health, and interventions to enhance their experiences of mental health services.

Method

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement was applied. To be included, papers must be published in a peer reviewed journal; report on adult populations (over 18) from any of Black African, Black Caribbean or Black mixed people in the UK; and assess (quantitative), or discuss (qualitative) mental health experiences, determinants of mental health, or interventions intended to enhance experiences of mental health services among the target population. The aims, inclusion criteria, data extraction, and data quality evaluation were specified in advance. Searches were conducted using EBSCO (PsychInfo; MEDLINE; CINAHL Plus; psychology and behavioural sciences collection). The search strategy included search terms relating to the aim. Risk of bias was assessed using a standard tool, records were organised using Endnote, and data were extracted and synthesised using Microsoft Excel.

Results

Thirty-six studies were included, of which 26 were quantitative and six reported exclusively on Black participants. Black populations were less likely to access mental health support via traditional pathways due to stigma and mistrust of mental health services. Black Africans especially, sought alternative help from community leaders, which increased the likelihood of accessing treatment at the point of crisis or breakdown, which in turn increased risk of being detained under the Mental Health Act and via the criminal justice system.

Discussion

Findings suggest a cycle of poor mental health, coercive treatment, stigma, and mistrust of services as experienced by Black communities. Evidence was limited by poorly defined ethnic categories, especially where Black populations were subsumed into one category. It is recommended that mental health services work collaboratively with cultural and faith communities in supporting Black people to cope with mental illness, navigate mental health pathways, and provide culturally appropriate advice.

Protocol Registration Number PROSPERO CRD42021261510

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Data Availability

As a systematic review, all original data sources are highlighted by an asterisk in the references section and can be located using the following details author(s), title, publisher (repository name), and DOI identifier (expressed as full URL’s). Raw scores for data quality assessment are available as supplementary materials, as is the summary extraction table.

Code Availability

There is no code created and that directly relates to the results described in this systematic review article.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the Public Health Division in Birmingham City Council who commissioned and funded this systematic review.

Funding

This work was supported by the Public Health Division in Birmingham City Council who commissioned and funded this systematic review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Sport, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK

    T. J. Devonport & G. Ward

  2. School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK

    H. Morrissey

  3. Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

    C. Burt, J. Harris, S. Burt, R. Patel, R. Manning & R. Paredes

  4. School of Psychology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK

    W. Nicholls

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Tracey Devonport, Wendy Nicholls, Gavin Ward, and Hana Morrissey. Data synthesis was completed by Tracey Devonport and Wendy Nicholls. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Tracey Devonport and Wendy Nicholls and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to T. J. Devonport.

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This is a systematic review. The University of Wolverhampton Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. As a systematic review, informed consent to participate was obtained from individual participants included in each respective included study.

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As a systematic review, it is not possible to state with certainty that consent to publish was sought from participants as part of informed consent.

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Devonport, T.J., Ward, G., Morrissey, H. et al. A Systematic Review of Inequalities in the Mental Health Experiences of Black African, Black Caribbean and Black-mixed UK Populations: Implications for Action. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 10, 1669–1681 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01352-0

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