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A scoping review of multigenerational impacts of grandparental exposures on mental health in grandchildren

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The multigenerational effects of grandparental exposures on their grandchildren’s mental health and neurodevelopment are gaining research attention. We conducted a scoping review to summarize the current epidemiological studies investigating pregnancy-related and environmental factors that affected grandparental pregnancies and mental health outcomes in their grandchildren. We also identified methodological challenges that affect these multigenerational health studies and discuss opportunities for future research.

Recent Findings

We performed a literature search using PubMed and Embase and included 18 articles for this review. The most investigated grandparental pregnancy-related factors were the grandparental age of pregnancy (N = 6), smoking during pregnancy (N = 4), and medication intake (N = 3). The most frequently examined grandchild outcomes were autism spectrum disorder (N = 6) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (N = 4). Among these studies, grandparental smoking and the use of diethylstilbestrol were more consistently reported to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, while the findings for grandparental age vary across the maternal or paternal line. Grandmaternal weight, adverse delivery outcomes, and other spatial-temporal markers of physical and social environmental stressors require further scrutiny.

Summary

The current body of literature has suggested that mental and neurodevelopmental disorders may be outcomes of unfavorable exposures originating from the grandparental generation during their pregnancies. To advance the field, we recommend research efforts into setting up multigenerational studies with prospectively collected data that span through at least three generations, incorporating spatial, environmental, and biological markers for exposure assessment, expanding the outcome phenotypes evaluated, and developing a causal analytical framework including mediation analyses specific for multigenerational research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA

    Jingyuan Xiao, Kate Nyhan & Zeyan Liew

  2. Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA

    Jingyuan Xiao, Giselle Bellia & Zeyan Liew

  3. Department of Social Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA

    Anushka Jain

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All authors made substantive intellectual contributions to the development of this manuscript. JX, KN, and ZL contributed to the study conception and design and conceptualized the review approach. JX, AJ, GB, KN, and ZL contributed to the screening, study selection, data charting, and data extraction. JX and ZL led the manuscript writing.

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Correspondence to Zeyan Liew.

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Xiao, J., Jain, A., Bellia, G. et al. A scoping review of multigenerational impacts of grandparental exposures on mental health in grandchildren. Curr Envir Health Rpt 10, 369–382 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-023-00413-8

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