Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Efficacy to Prevent Irritant Hand Eczema: an Overview of the Interventional Procedures

  • Contact Dermatitis (A Gimenez-Arnau, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Allergy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of review

Interventional procedures to prevent hand eczema (HE), comprising educational programs, are widely used for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of irritant contact dermatitis on the hands. This review gives an overview of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing the efficacy of interventional procedures and educational programs in HE prevention.

Recent findings

RCTs on HE prevention differ with respect to form and implementation of interventions, populations, and follow-up times. Overall, the education has focused on use of moisturizers, gloves, and substitution of hand washes with alcohol-based hand rubs. Regarding outcome measures, the effect of interventions on prevalence (i.e., primary prevention) has been inconclusive. Meanwhile, educational programs aiming at HE patients (secondary prevention) had a positive effect on behavior in four out of five RCTs and a decrease in HE severity in four out of six RCTs (one with group-based and three with individual-based education). Positive effect on knowledge and on health-related quality of life was only found in few studies.

Summary

Overall, preventive educational programs are useful. Along with intensified, individual-based educations rather than group-based education, a shorter follow-up time seems to influence outcome measures positively. Future studies should investigate the long-term benefit from repeated educational sessions to maintain the positive benefits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, Menné T. The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population - prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2010 Feb;62(2):75–87.

  2. • Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Bruze M, Pontén A. Wet work exposure and hand eczema among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(2):452–61 This paper addresses wet work and the link to prevalence of HE.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lysdal SH, Søsted H, Andersen KE, Johansen JD. Hand eczema in hairdressers: a Danish register-based study of the prevalence of hand eczema and its career consequences. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(3):151–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nielsen J. The occurrence and course of skin symptoms on the hands among female cleaners. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34:284–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hansen K. Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women. Contact Dermatitis. 1983;9:343–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Flyvholm MA, Bach B, Rose M, Jepsen KF. Self-reported hand eczema in a hospital population. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57(2):110–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Meding B, Järvholm B. Incidence of hand eczema - a population-based retrospective study. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(4):873–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carøe TK, Ebbehøj N, Agner T. A survey of exposures related to recognized occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark in 2010. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):56–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Skoet R, Olsen J, Mathiesen B, Iversen L, Johansen JD, Agner T. A survey of occupational hand eczema in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(4):159–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Noiesen E, Munk MD, Larsen K, Høyen M, Agner T. Use of complementary and alternative treatment for allergic contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(2):301–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mollerup A, Veien NK, Johansen JD. Effectiveness of the healthy skin clinic - a randomized clinical trial of nurse-led patient counselling in hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(4):202–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. • Apfelbacher CJ, Ofenloch RF, Weisshaar E, Molin S, Bauer A, Mahler V, et al. Chronic hand eczema in Germany: 5-year follow-up data from the CARPE registry. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(1):45–53 This paper investigates severe hand eczema prospectively and shows a positive improvement under continued dermatological care.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Agner T, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, Bruynzeel DP, Bruze M, Frosch P, et al. Hand eczema severity and quality of life: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of hand eczema patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59(1):43–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Diepgen TL, Scheidt R, Weisshaar E, John SM, Hieke K. Cost of illness from occupational hand eczema in Germany. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(2):99–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Moberg C, Alderling M, Meding B. Hand eczema and quality of life: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(2):397–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hald M, Agner T, Blands J, Veien NK, Laurberg G, Avnstorp C, et al. Clinical severity and prognosis of hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(6):1229–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. • Nørreslet LB, Agner T, Sørensen JA, Ebbehøj NE, Bonde JP, Fisker MH. Impact of hand eczema on quality of life: metropolitan versus non-metropolitan areas. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(5):348–54 Area of residence influences the relationship between disease severity and HR-QoL, with a more negative impact found in metropolitan areas.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lerbaek A, Kyvik KO, Mortensen J, Bryld LE, Menné T, Agner T. Heritability of hand eczema is not explained by comorbidity with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(7):1632–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ibler KS, Jemec GBE, Flyvholm MA, Diepgen TL, Jensen A, Agner T. Hand eczema: prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in a population of 2274 healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(4):200–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Irvine AD, McLean WHI, DYM L. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med Massachussetts Medical Society. 2011;365:1315–27.

  21. De Jongh CM, Khrenova L, Verberk MM, Calkoen F, Van Dijk FJH, Voss H, et al. Loss-of-function polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic irritant contact dermatitis: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(3):621–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Visser MJ, Landeck L, Campbell LE, McLean WHI, Weidinger S, Calkoen F, et al. Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Feb;168(2):326–32.

  23. Agner T, Aalto-Korte K, Andersen KE, Foti C, Gimenéz-Arnau A, Goncalo M, et al. Classification of hand eczema. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(12):2417–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fisker MH, Ebbehøj NE, Jungersted JM, Agner T. What do patients with occupational hand eczema know about skin care? Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(2):93–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. • Olesen CM, Agner T, Ebbehøj NE, Carøe TK. Factors influencing prognosis for occupational hand eczema: new trends. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(6):1280–6 Lifestyle factors are of importance for the prognosis of occupational hand eczema.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Van Gils RF, Boot CRLL, Knol DL, Rustemeyer T, Van Mechelen W, Van Der Valk PGMM, et al. The effectiveness of integrated care for patients with hand eczema: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66(4):197–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mollerup A, Veien NK, Johansen JD. An analysis of gender differences in patients with hand eczema - everyday exposures, severity, and consequences. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(1):21–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Corti MAM, Stirnimann R, Borradori L, Simon D. Effects of systematic patient education in skin care and protection in a hand eczema clinic. Dermatology. 2014;228(3):220–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. • Topal Y, Agner T, van der Heiden J, Ebbehøj NE, Clemmensen KKB, et al. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;81(2):117–23 This paper accesses the patient’s knowledge on skin behavior and suggests a target group for further educational intervention.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Held E, Wolff C, Gyntelberg F, Agner T. Prevention of work-related skin problems in student auxiliary nurses: an intervention study. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44(5):297–303.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Weisshaar E. Educational and dermatological aspects of secondary individual prevention in healthcare workers. 2006;(3):254–60.

  32. Weisshaar E, Radulescu M, Soder S, Apfelbacher CJ, Bock M, Albrecht U, et al. Secondary individual prevention of occupational skin diseases in health care workers, cleaners and kitchen employees: aims , experiences and descriptive results. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007;80:477–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Agner T, Held E. Skin protection programmes. Vol. 47, Contact Dermatitis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2002. p. 253–6.

  34. Allergi V for. 10 gode råd om arbejdsbetinget eksem. Videnscenter Allerg

  35. Diepgen TL, Andersen KE, Chosidow O, Coenraads PJ, Elsner P, English J, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hand eczema - short version. JDDG - J Ger Soc Dermatol. 2015;13(1):77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lynde C, Guenther L, Diepgen TL, Sasseville D, Poulin Y, Gulliver W, et al. Canadian hand dermatitis management guidelines. J Cutan Med Surg. 2010;14(6):267–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Menné T, Johansen JD, Sommerlund M, Veien NK. Hand eczema guidelines based on the Danish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(1):3–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sundhedsstyrelsen. National Klinisk Retningslinje For Behandling Af Håndeksem. Sundhedsstyrrelsen. 2016.

  39. Vindenes HK, Svanes C, Lygre SHL, Hollund BE, Langhammer A, Bertelsen RJ. Prevalence of, and work-related risk factors for, hand eczema in a Norwegian general population (the HUNT study). Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(4):214–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Australian Government. Guidance on the prevention of dermatitis caused by wet work. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 28];16. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/guidanceonpreventionofdermatitiscausedbywetwork_2005_pdf.pdf

  41. German Federal Ministry of Labour and social Affairs. Risk resulting from skin contact - determination, evaluation, measures [Internet]. Tech. rules Hazard. Subst. 2008. p. 1–47. Available from: http://www.baua.de/nn_54598/en/Topics- from-A-to-Z/ Hazardou [Internet]. [cited 2020 May 1]. Available from: www.baua.de

  42. • Bauer A, Rönsch H, Elsner P, Dittmar D, Bennett C, Schuttelaar MLA, et al. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Vol. 2018, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2018. This is a thorough review on preventing occupational hand eczema which addresses literature on primary prevention.

  43. • Andrees V, John SM, Nienhaus A, Skudlik C, Brans R, Augustin M, et al. Economic evaluation of a tertiary prevention program for occupational skin diseases in Germany. Contact Dermatitis. 2020 Feb 25 [cited 2020 Mar 4];(December 2019):1–9. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cod.13506. A long-term evaluation indicates that the tertiary individual prevention programme is cost-effective in patients with severe occupational skin diseases.

  44. • Brans R, Schröder-Kraft C, Skudlik C, John SM, Geier J. Tertiary prevention of occupational skin diseases: prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis and pattern of patch test results. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(1):35–44 Identification of occupational groups at risk for allergic contact dermatitis and relevant allergens in the development and implementation of targeted prevention strategies.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rowley K, Ajami D, Gervais D, Mooney L, Belote A, Kudla I, et al. Glove use and glove education in workers with hand dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2016;27(1):30–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Frosch PJ, Kurte A, Pilz B. Efficacy of skin barrier creams. Contact Dermatitis. 1993;29(3):113–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ramsing DW, Agner T. Preventive and therapeutic effects of a moisturizer: an experimental study of human skin. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997;77(5):335–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Zachariae C, Held E, Johansen JD, Mennié T, Agner T. Effect of a moisturizer on skin susceptibility to NiCl2. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83(2):93–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Held E, Agner T. Effect of moisturizers on skin susceptibility to irritants. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81(2):104–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Schliemann S, Petri M, Elsner P. Preventing irritant contact dermatitis with protective creams: influence of the application dose. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):19–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wrangsjö K, Wallenhammar LM, Örtengren U, Barregård L, Andreasson H, Björkner B, et al. Protective gloves in Swedish dentistry: use and side-effects. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145(1):32–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rose RF, Lyons P, Horne H, Mark WS. A review of the materials and allergens in protective gloves. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;61(3):129–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jungbauer FHW, Van Der Harst JJ, Groothoff JW, Coenraads PJ. Skin protection in nursing work: promoting the use of gloves and hand alcohol. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(3):135–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Geens T, Aerts E, Borguet M, Haufroid V, Godderis L. Exposure of hairdressers to aromatic diamines: an interventional study confirming the protective effect of adequate glove use. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(4):221–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Oreskov KW, Søsted H, Johansen JD. Glove use among hairdressers: difficulties in the correct use of gloves among hairdressers and the effect of education. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72(6):362–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tiedemann D, Clausen ML, John SM, Angelova-Fischer I, Kezic S, Agner T. Effect of glove occlusion on the skin barrier. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(1):2–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. • Plum F, Yüksel YT, Agner T, Nørreslet LB. Skin barrier function after repeated short-term application of alcohol-based hand rub following intervention with water immersion or occlusion. Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2020 May 5];cod.13587. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cod.13587. ABHR are intended to be used on dry skin. This paper investigates the irritant effect of ABHR application used on occluded or wet skin, which may lead to increased susceptibility to ABHR.

  58. • Lund T, Petersen SB, Flachs EM, Ebbehøj NE, Bonde JP, Agner T. Risk of work-related hand eczema in relation to wet work exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;22(November):94–101 The dose-response relationship between wet work and hand eczema is explored and already at appr. 30min of wet work the risk of hand eczema increases.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52(2):82–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. •• Madan I, Parsons V, Ntani G, Coggon D, Wright A, English J, et al. A behaviour change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in the National Health Service: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2020;1–9. This RCT investigates primary prevention of online behavioral change education programs. No effect is found of the intervention.

  61. •• Soltanipoor M, Kezic S, Sluiter JK, de Wit F, Bosma AL, van Asperen R, et al. Effectiveness of a skin care programme for the prevention of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers (the healthy hands project): a single-centre, cluster randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(6):365–73 This RCT finds a positive effect of a secondary intervention program with group-based education and moisturizers for mild HE patients.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Ibler KS, Jemec GBEE, Diepgen TL, Gluud C, Lindschou Hansen J, Winkel P, et al. Skin care education and individual counselling versus treatment as usual in healthcare workers with hand eczema: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2012;345(7887):1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Van Der Meer EWC, Boot CRL, Van Der Gulden JWJ, Knol DL, Jungbauer FHW, Coenraads PJ, et al. Hands4U: the effects of a multifaceted implementation strategy on hand eczema prevalence in a healthcare setting. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72(5):312–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Van Der Meer EWC, Boot CRL, Twisk JWR, Coenraads PJ, Jungbauer FHW, Van Der Gulden JWJ, et al. Hands4U: the effectiveness of a multifaceted implementation strategy on behaviour related to the prevention of hand eczema - a randomised controlled trial among healthcare workers. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(7):492–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Löffler H, Bruckner T, Diepgen T, Effendy I. Primary prevention in health care employees: a prospective intervention study with a 3-year training period. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;54(4):202–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. •• Fisker MH, Ebbehøj NE, Vejlstrup SG, Lindschou J, Gluud C, Winkel P, et al. Prevention of hand eczema: effect of an educational program versus treatment as usual – results of the randomized clinical prevex trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(2):212–8 This RCT investigates the effect of a secondary education program on the severity of HE with a positive effect on a subgroup consisting of non-HCW. No change was found in sickness absence days or HR-QoL of a secondary education.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. •• Erdil D, Koku Aksu AE, Falay Gür T, Gürel MS, Aksu A, Gür T, et al. Hand eczema treatment: change behaviour with text messaging, a randomized trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(3):153–60 A study using technology as text messaging to motivate and remind of preventive behaviors.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. •• Graversgaard C, Agner T, Jemec GBE, Thomsen SF, Ibler KS. A long-term follow-up study of the Hand Eczema Trial (HET): a randomized clinical trial of a secondary preventive programme introduced to Danish healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(5):329–34 This is a long-term follow-up of another study and investigates the effect of an educational intervention over time. No significant differences were found between the intervention and control group at follow-up.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. •• Fisker MH, Agner T, Sørensen JA, Vejlstrup SG, Lindschou J, Gluud C, et al. Simple, low-cost group-counselling programme vs treatment as usual for patients with newly notified occupational hand eczema—exploratory analyses of effects on knowledge, behaviour and personal resources of the randomized PREVEX clinical trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(3):127–35 This study found a beneficial effect of a group-counselling programme on the outcomes behavior, knowledge, and self-efficacy.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. • Tauber M, Lourari S, Bérard E, Questel E, Redoules D, Giordano-Labadie F, et al. Positive change in hand care habits using therapeutic patient education in chronic hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(1):10–7 This study has investigated the effect of an interventional program in secondary prevention of HE, and showed a beneficial effect of the educational program.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Held E, Skoet R, Johansen JD, Agner T. The hand eczema severity index (HECSI): a scoring system for clinical assessment of hand eczema. A study of inter- and intraobserver reliability. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(2):302–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. • Mauro M, De Giusti V, Bovenzi M, Larese FF. Effectiveness of a secondary prevention protocol for occupational contact dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(4):656–63 This study has investigated the effect of an interventional program in secondary prevention of HE, and found a beneficial effect of the educational program.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Apfelbacher CJ, Soder S, Diepgen TL, Weisshaar E. The impact of measures for secondary individual prevention of work-related skin diseases in health care workers: 1-year follow-up study. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60(3):144–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. • Wilke A, Gediga G, Goergens A, Hansen A, Hübner A, John SM, et al. Interdisciplinary and multiprofessional outpatient secondary individual prevention of work-related skin diseases in the metalworking industry: 1-year follow-up of a patient cohort. BMC Dermatol. 2018;18(1):12 This study has investigated the effect of an interventional program in secondary prevention of HE, and showed a beneficial effect of the educational program.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Scheidt R, Elsner P, Wulfhorst B, Schönfeld M, et al. First results from the multicentre study rehabilitation of occupational skin diseases - optimization and quality assurance of inpatient management (ROQ). Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66(3):140–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Brans R, Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Scheidt R, Ofenloch R, Elsner P, et al. Multicentre cohort study ‘rehabilitation of occupational skin diseases - optimization and quality assurance of inpatient management (ROQ)’: results from a 3-year follow-up. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(4):205–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Scheidt R, Wulfhorst B, Diepgen TL, Elsner P, et al. Multicenter study “medical-occupational rehabilitation procedure skin - optimizing and quality assurance of inpatient-management (ROQ).”. JDDG - J Ger Soc Dermatol. 2009;7(2):122–6.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mie Sonne BSc.Med, Tove Agner MD, DMSc, Line Brok Nørreslet MD & Tamara Theresia Lund MD

Authors
  1. Mie Sonne BSc.Med
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tove Agner MD, DMSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Line Brok Nørreslet MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tamara Theresia Lund MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tamara Theresia Lund MD.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Mie Sonne declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Tove Agner declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Line Brok Nørreslet declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Tamara Theresia Lund declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Contact Dermatitis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sonne, M., Agner, T., Nørreslet, L.B. et al. The Efficacy to Prevent Irritant Hand Eczema: an Overview of the Interventional Procedures. Curr Treat Options Allergy 7, 274–290 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-020-00270-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-020-00270-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation