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Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Obesity and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders: Current Evidence and Perspectives

  • Metabolism (M Dalamaga, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Purpose

In this review, we summarize current evidence on the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in relation to obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Special emphasis is given on mechanisms interconnecting gut microbiome and microbial metabolites with metabolic disorders as well as on potential preventive and therapeutic perspectives with a “bench to bedside” approach.

Recent Findings

Recent data have highlighted the role of gut dysbiosis in the etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Overall, most studies have demonstrated a reduction in gut microbiome diversity and richness in obese subjects, but there is still much debate on the exact microbial signature of a healthy or an obese gut microbiome. Despite the controversial role of an altered gut microbiome as a cause or consequence of obesity in human studies, numerous animal studies and certain human studies suggest beneficial metabolic effects of certain microbial intestinal metabolites, such as butyrate, that could be used in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.

Summary

More randomized controlled trials and larger prospective studies including well-defined cohorts as well as a multi-omics approach are warranted to better identify the associations between the gut microbiome, microbial metabolites, and obesity and its metabolic complications.

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Abbreviations

AX:

Arabinoxylan

BCAAs:

Branched-chain amino acids

BMI:

Body mass index

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

F/B:

Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio

FXR:

Farnesoid X receptor

GF:

Germ-free

GI:

Gastrointestinal tract

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

HbA1c:

Glycated hemoglobin

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

IL:

Interleukin

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IRS:

Insulin receptor substrate

ITF:

Inulin-type fructans

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MS:

Metabolic syndrome

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAFLD:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH:

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κB

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

qPCR:

Quantitative PCR

RCT:

Randomized controlled trials

SCFAs:

Short-chain fatty acids

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

STRA6:

Stimulated by retinoic acid 6

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TGR5:

G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TMA:

Trimethylamine

TMAO:

Trimethylamine N-oxide

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

TSOD:

Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 45-47 Ypsilantou street, 10676, Athens, Greece

    Natalia Vallianou & Theodora Stratigou

  2. Laboratory of Microbiology, KAT Hospital, 2 Nikis, Kifisia, 14561, Athens, Greece

    Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos

  3. Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias #27, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece

    Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos & Maria Dalamaga

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Vallianou, N., Stratigou, T., Christodoulatos, G.S. et al. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Obesity and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 8, 317–332 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00352-2

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