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Supercritical CO2 separation of lipids from chicken by-product waste for biodiesel production: optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamics modeling

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Abstract

There is an increasing concern on the safe disposal and sustainable utilization of chicken by-product waste to minimize adverse environmental impacts. Besides, the rising dependency on petro-diesel in automobiles and industrial sectors leads to the search for alternative energy sources to replace or supplement rapidly depleting petro-diesel. The present study employed supercritical CO2 (scCO2) to separate lipids from chicken by-product waste for biodiesel production. The influence of the scCO2 extraction on the separation of lipids was conducted with varying pressure (8–40 MPa), temperature (30–80 °C), and treatment time (15–90 min). The experimental conditions of scCO2 separation were optimized based on the maximum separation of lipids from chicken by-product waste using response surface methodology (RSM). Results show that the scCO2 pressure, temperature, and separation time significantly influence the lipid separation from chicken by-product waste. The maximum lipid separation obtained was 49.61% at the optimized experimental conditions of scCO2 separation: pressure 20 MPa, temperature 60 °C, and separation time 60 min. Moreover, a second-order kinetics model and Eyring theory were utilized to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics behavior of scCO2 separation of lipids from chicken by-product waste. Approximately 79% of biodiesel was synthesized from the scCO2 separated lipids from chicken by-product waste with a conventional catalytic transesterification process using NaOH as a catalyst. Physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition analyses of lipids and biodiesel reveal that the chicken by-product waste lipids could be utilized as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.

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Funding

The author would like to thank the Division of Research & Innovation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, for providing a Short Term Research Grant (304/PTEKIND/6315313) as financial support. A.A. Ghfar is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/407), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia

    Muhammad Khalish Mohammad Ilias, Mark Harris Zuknik & Md. Sohrab Hossain

  2. Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Venugopal Balakrishnan

  3. Micro-pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built & Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia

    Adel Al-Gheethi

  4. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Ayman A. Ghfar

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  1. Muhammad Khalish Mohammad Ilias
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Correspondence to Venugopal Balakrishnan or Md. Sohrab Hossain.

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Ilias, M.K.M., Balakrishnan, V., Zuknik, M.H. et al. Supercritical CO2 separation of lipids from chicken by-product waste for biodiesel production: optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamics modeling. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 13403–13417 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02092-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02092-7

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