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Conversion of methane to methanol: technologies and future challenges

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Abstract

In the current period, there is a high demand for the production of liquid fuel which is used for transport purposes all over the world. Therefore, the conversion of methane to methanol fuel is reported as an alternative option for natural gas. Some approaches such as the two-step syngas process, direct single step, and bacterial agent catalyzed reaction use steam reform of methane, methane oxidation processes (via methane selectivity), and methane gaseous form (via methane monooxygenase enzymes) respectively to produce methanol fuel from methane. Also, chemical routes have applied high temperature/pressure catalytic conversion of syngas to methanol. Most conventional approaches discussed are gas to liquid technologies that exploit and monetize nontraditional methanol sources. The utility of methanol as liquid fuel is discussed and now researchers have invented the greatest potential of methanol as a robust product that is produced or synthesized by using a commercial scale conversion process from methane. Normal conversion for methane to methanol via chemical routes is exploited by high temperature and pressure as an energy-intensive process. However, the biological modes of conversion of methane to methanol occur by using methanotrophic bacteria, exhibiting desired transformation capacity at ambient conditions via methane monooxygenase enzyme. Biotechnological modes of conversion have shown the potentiality for their application in an industrially relevant process in eco-friendly ways. Some approaches of biotechnological modes of conversion of methane to methanol by whole-cell, wild-type, and methanotroph cultures are discussed along with many chemical route approaches. In this paper, the authors emphasize the different chemical and biological approaches for methane to methanol conversion with their limitations and applications.

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Abbreviations

γ-Al2O3 :

Alumina oxide

µmol/g.cat.h:

Micromoles per gram.catalyst hour

13C:

Carbon thirteen

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

CCU:

Carbon capturing and utilization

C-H bond:

Carbon-hydrogen bond

CH3OH:

Methanol

CH4 :

Methane

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

Co3O4 :

Cobalt oxide

Cu/ZnO:

Copper/zinc oxide

Cu:

Copper

Cu+ :

Cuprous ion

CuO/ZnO:

Cuprous oxide/zinc oxide

DBD:

Dielectric barrier discharge

DCKMs:

Detail chemical kinetic models

ETDA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

FE-SEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

GA:

Gliding arc

GDM:

Gaussian dispersion methodology

GHGs:

Greenhouses gases

GtM:

Gas to methanol

HP separator:

High pressure separator

KPIs:

Input as selected key performances

MDH:

Methanol dehydrogenase

MgCl2 :

Magnesium chloride

MGO:

Magnesium oxide

MMA:

Methyl methacrylate

MMO:

Methane monooxygenase

MTBE:

Methyl tertiary butyl ether

Mt CO2 yr:

Metric ton carbon dioxide

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

NH4Cl:

Ammonium chloride

O2 :

Oxygen

OC:

Oxidation coefficient

-OH:

Hydroxyl group

PC:

Pulverised coal

pMMO:

Particulate MMO

PO:

Paraffin oil

RCW:

Reforming in supercritical water

RSM:

Response surface methodology

RWGS:

Reverse water–gas shift

SC:

Supercritical

SCW:

Super-critical water

SCWO:

Supercritical water oxidation

sMMO:

Soluble MMO

TC:

Thermal catalysis process

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxides

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TPC:

Thermo-photocatalysis

UV-Vis:

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray powder diffraction

ZnFe2O4/TiO2 :

Zinc iron oxide/titanium dioxide

ZnFe2O4 :

Zinc ferrites

ZnFe2O4 :

Zinc iron oxide

ZrO2 :

Zirconium dioxide

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India

    Rajesh K. Srivastava

  2. College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, India

    Prakash Kumar Sarangi

  3. Department of Microbiology & Bioinformatics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Latika Bhatia

  4. Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, East Champaran, Bihar, India

    Akhilesh Kumar Singh

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India

    Krushna Prasad Shadangi

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Rajesh K. Srivastava: conceptualization and manuscript preparation.

Prakash Kumar Sarangi: correction, supervision, review and editing.

Latika Bhatia: some parts of manuscript preparation.

Akhilesh Kumar Singh: some parts of manuscript preparation.

Krushna Prasad Shadangi: correction, review and editing.

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Srivastava, R.K., Sarangi, P.K., Bhatia, L. et al. Conversion of methane to methanol: technologies and future challenges. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 1851–1875 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01872-5

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