Abstract
A numerical study of uniform flow past a square cylinder in the presence of detached flat plate for various gap spacings using the multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) has been undertaken. The Reynolds number is kept at 150 for all numerical calculations and the gap spacing (g) ranging from 0 to 11. Analyses of the vortex structure in the wake, the vortex shedding frequency, time-trace analysis of drag and lift coefficients and force statistics have been carried out. The existing results for flow past a square cylinder without detached flat plate are validated with the well-resolved results obtained experimentally and numerically. Numerical results reveal that as gap spacing increases, there exists a critical gap spacing at g = 2–2.25, where the mean drag coefficient, Strouhal number, root-mean-square values of the drag and lift coefficients reach either maxima or minima. Meanwhile, the shed vortices behind the detached flat plate are also affected. The observed results further indicate that there exists three different kinds of flow regimes: (i) extended-body flow regime (0 \({\leq}\) g \({\leq}\) 1.53); (ii) reattachment flow regime (1.9 \({\leq}\) g \({\leq}\) 4); and (iii) fully developed flow regime (4.8 \({\leq}\) g \({\leq}\) 11). The observed critical gap spacing and flow regimes are strongly dependent upon the gap spacings.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- \({C_{\rm d}}\) :
-
Drag coefficient
- \({C_{\rm l}}\) :
-
Lift coefficient
- d :
-
Size of the main cylinder
- \({f_{\rm s}}\) :
-
Vortex shedding frequency
- \({F_{\rm d}}\) :
-
Forces along streamwise direction
- \({F_{\rm l}}\) :
-
Forces along vertical direction
- g :
-
Gap spacing between main cylinder and detached flat plate
- h :
-
Height of the detached flat plate
- H :
-
Height of the main cylinder
- \({{\ell}}\) :
-
Length of detached flat plate
- \({L_{\rm u}}\) :
-
Upstream distance from the main cylinder
- \({L_{\rm d}}\) :
-
Downstream distance from the main cylinder
- Re:
-
Reynolds number
- \({U_{\infty}}\) :
-
Uniform inflow velocity
- St :
-
Strouhal number
- \({\nu}\) :
-
Kinematic viscosity
References
Roshko A.: On the drag and shedding frequency of two-dimensional bluff bodies. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note, 316, 1–29 (1954)
Apelt C.J., West G.S., Szewezyk A.: The effects of wake splitter plates on the flow past a circular cylinder in the range \({10^{4} \leq Re < 5 {\times} 10^{4}}\) : part 1. J. Fluid Mech. 61, 187–198 (1973)
Apelt C.J., West G.S.: The effects of wake splitter plates on the flow past a circular cylinder in the range \({10^{4} \leq Re < 5 \times 10^{4}}\) : Part 2. J. Fluid Mech. 71, 145–160 (1975)
Anderson E.A., Szewczyk A.A.: Effects of a splitter plate on the near wake of a circular cylinder in 2 and 3 dimensional flow configurations. Exp. Fluids 23, 161–174 (1997)
Kwon K., Choi H.: Control of laminar vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder using splitter plates. Phys. Fluids 8, 479–486 (1995)
Hwang J., Yang K., Sun S.: Reduction of flow-induced forces on a circular cylinder using a detached splitter plate. Phys. Fluids 15, 2433–2436 (2003)
Zdravkovich M.M.: Review of flow interference between two circular cylinders in various arrangements. J. Fluids Eng. 99, 618–633 (1977)
Price S.J., Paidoussis M.P.: The aerodynamic forces acting on groups of two and three circular cylinders when subject to a cross-flow. J. Wind Energy Ind. Aerodyn. 17, 329–347 (1984)
Sakamoto H., Haniu H., Obata Y.: Fluctuating forces acting on two square prisms in a tandem arrangement. J. Wind Energy Ind. Aerodyn. 26, 85–103 (1987)
Abbasi W.S., Islam S.Ul., Saha S.C., Gu Y.T., Zhou C.Y.: Effect of Reynolds numbers on flow past four square cylinders in an in-line square configuration for different gap spacings. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 28, 539–552 (2014)
Zhou, C.Y.; Wang, C.; Islam, S.Ul.; Xiao, Y. Q.: Numerical study of fluid force reduction on a square cylinder using a control plate. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Osaka, Japan, 1351–1357 (2009)
Vamsee G.R., de Tena M.L., Tiwari S.: Effect of arrangement of inline splitter plate on flow past square cylinder. Prog. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 14, 277–294 (2014)
Ozono S.: Flow control of vortex shedding by a short splitter plate asymmetrically arranged downstream of a cylinder. Phys. Fluids 11, 2928–2934 (1999)
Turki S.: Numerical simulation of passive control on vortex shedding behind square cylinder using splitter plate. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 2, 514–524 (2008)
Doolan C.J.: Flat-plate interaction with the near wake of a square cylinder. AIAA J. 47, 475–478 (2009)
Ali M.S.M., Doolan C.J., Wheatly V.: Low Reynolds number flow over a square cylinder with a detached flat plate. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 36, 133–141 (2012)
Islam S.Ul., Rahman H., Abbasi W.S., Noreen U., Khan A.: Suppression of fluid force on flow past a square cylinder with a detached flat plate at low Reynolds number for various spacing ratios. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 28, 4969–4978 (2014)
Abdollahzadeh G., Hashemi S.M., Tavakoli H., Rahami H.: Determination of hysteretic behavior of steel end-plate beam-to-column connection with mechanical and neural network modeling. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39, 7661–7671 (2014)
Pachenari Z., Attarnejad R.: Free vibration of tapered mindlin plates using basic displacement functions. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39, 4433–4449 (2014)
Wolf-Gladrow D.A.: Lattice-gas cellular automata and Lattice Boltzmann models: an introduction. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2000)
Islam S.Ul., Rahman H., Abbasi W.S.: Grid independence study of flow past a square cylinder using the Multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method. Int. J. Math. Comput. Phys. Quantum Eng. 8, 980–990 (2014)
Islam S.Ul., Abbasi W.S., Rahman H.: Force statistics and wake structure mechanism of flow around a square cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. Int. J. Mec. Aero. Ind. Mechatron. Eng. 8, 1375–1381 (2014)
Bendat J.S., Piersol A.G.: Random data: analysis and measurement procedures. Wiley Interscience, NJ (1971)
Okajima A.: Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders. J. Fluid Mech. 123, 379–398 (1982)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Islam, S.U., Rahman, H., Abbasi, W.S. et al. Lattice Boltzmann Study of Wake Structure and Force Statistics for Various Gap Spacings Between a Square Cylinder with a Detached Flat Plate. Arab J Sci Eng 40, 2169–2182 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1648-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1648-3